Railway,Roades And Ports of India
Impact on The Indian economy
The Indian Railways contributes to India’s Economic Development, accounting for about one per cent of the GNP and the backbone of freight needs of the core sector. It accounts for six per cent of the total EMPLOYMENT in the organised sector directly and an additional 2.5 per cent indirectly through its dependent organisations.
Road transport is the second important mode of transport in India. It covers every corner of the country which the railway transport even could not cover. Road transport provides the basic infrastructural facilities to both the agricultural and Industrial Sector of the country.
Some of the important socio- economic benefits of ports are:
- Fuels economic development – They are important links of hinterlands to points overseas. They facilitate movement of goods to and from hinterland. They increase international trade ( both exports and import).
- Development of cities – Most of the world’s major cities are port cities. Ports spur the economic activities around them like Banking, finance, Insurance, logistic etc.
- Increase in Employment –Ports increase employment both directly and indirectly. Direct employment refers to employment in port related activities. Indirect employment increases due to increased industrialization and increase in other Services like banking and insurance.
- Relatively Environment friendly –When compared to other transportation systems, railway transportation requires twice as much energy consumption, while road transportation requires ten times as much as sea conveyance.
- Increase world Economic Integration –Globalization/”>Globalization-3/”>Globalization has been partially successful due to cheap transportation facilitated by ports.
- Development of Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE – Increase the economic activity between hinterland and ports lead to development of infrastructure including railways, roads & inland waterways.
Indian Railway
Introduction
Indian Railways is one of the world’s largest railway Network consists of freight, passengers, tourist, Suburban rail systems, toy train and luxury trains. IR has 4,337 operating railway stations,operates on a multi-gauge network of broad, metre and narrow gauges. Indian Railways is divided into 16 zones and Locomotives are consist of electric and diesel locomotives.
- Project Planning and Implementation
- Indian Railways entered the Billion Club in freight loading in 2012-13 by achieving 1,008 million tonnes of originating loading. The loading target fixed for 2014-15 is 1,105 million tonnes which is 4.9% higher than the achievement of 2013-14. The XIIth Plan projections of freight loading in the terminal year of the Plan (2016-17) are 1,405 million tonnes.
- Indian Railways carried 8,425.6 million passengers in 2013-14 which is about 1,430 million higher than the Population of the world put together. The annual target for passenger traffic in 2014-15 is 8,645 million, which is 2.6% higher than in 2013-14. The XIIth Plan target is 11,710 million passengers in the terminal year of the Plan.
The Challenges
- As the Growth in the economy picks up in the years to come, IR will have a challenging task ahead because of line and terminal capacity constraints in transporting the incremental traffic. Therefore, there is need for significant Investment in the network, especially the HDN routes and its feeder and other important routes
2.There is a large shelf of pending projects which is estimated at Rs. 4,91,510 crore on the basis of originally estimated costs Of these, fund requirement for the prioritized works such as doubling, new lines, gauge conversion, traffic facilities, signal & telecom works, workshops and electrification is estimated at Rs 2,08,054 crore
Budget 2017
- A Rail safety fund with a corpus of Rs 100,000 crore will be created over a period of 5 years
2. The service charge on rail tickets booked through IRCTC will be withdrawn.
3. As many as 500 rail stations will be made differently abled-friendly by providing lifts and escalators.
4. Steps will be taken to launch dedicated trains for pilgrimage and tourism
5. A new metro rail policy will be announced+. This is expected to open up new jobs for the youth
6. At least 25 train stations are expected to be awarded during 2017-18
7. By 2019, all coaches of the Indian railwayswill be fitted with bio-toilets
- Railways will integrate end to end transport solutions for selected commodities through partnerships
- Unmanned railway level crossings to be eliminated by 2020
- A 22% rise in the Railway Budget was announced
Structure of IR’s finances:
The structure of IR’s finances is such that they are divided into revenue and capital expenditures.While Revenue Expenditure takes care of the day to day and operational working expenses, inclusive of debt servicing and dividend payment, capital expenditures take care of IR’s investments inclusive of repair and renewals. There are three streams that comprise Capital Expenditure; these are Gross Budgetary Support from the Ministry of Finance, internal generation of Resources and leasing from IRFC.
Indian Roads
Introduction
India has the second largest road network across the world at 4.7 million km. This road network transports more than 60 per cent of all goods in the country and 85 per cent of India’s total passenger traffic. Road transportation has gradually increased over the years with the improvement in connectivity between cities, towns and villages in the country.
Key Investments/Developments
1.The National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation (NHIDCL) has been awarded a contract to build five all-weather access tunnels worth Rs 23,000 crore (US$ 3.57 billion) in Jammu and Kashmir by 2024.
2.Abertis Infraestructuras SA, a Spanish infrastructure firm, has agreed to buy two toll road assets in operation in South India from Macquarie Group for Rs 1,000 crore(US$ 150 million) to scale up its presence in India
Ports of India
Introduction
The nine coastal Indian states Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal are home to all major and minor ports of India. The long coastline of India forms one of the biggest piece of land into a body of water,These twelve major Indian Ports are handle a large volume of cargo traffic and container traffic. There are total 13 major sea ports of India,out of 12 are government and one, Ennore port of Chennai is the corporate one. Ennore Port is one of the major port of India located at Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu state along with Kakinada Port and private Krishnapatnam Port and Mundra Port
Key Policy Development
1:No approval required for foreign Equity up to 51 per cent in projects providing supporting
services to water transport
2:Automatic approval of foreign equity up to 100 per cent in construction and maintenance of ports and harbours. However, the proposal needs to be referred to FIPB for investments exceeding Rs 15 billion.
3: Open tenders to be invited for private sector participation on build-operate-transfer (BOT) basis
4: Permission granted for formation of joint ventures between Major Ports and foreign ports, Major Ports and Non-Major Ports, and Major Ports and companies
Challenges:
- Geograhical: Heavy silting as seen in riverine ports like Haldia.
- Technological: Inadequate dredging capacities. Poor mechanization and manual handling of critical processes Eg in Paradip port
- Infrastructural: Congestion of roads connecting the port leading to time delays as seen in JLN port Underutilization of physical infrastructure of the ports Eg in Cochin port.
- Policy and regulatory issues: Currently the ports operate on “Trust Model” where government is the owner and operator of the port. Non-uniform tariff structure (TAMP) which makes some ports uncompetitive High turnaround time is as much as 3-4 days compared to Average time of 6-7hrs in other developed ports because of cumbersome documentation and clearance.
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India has a well-developed transportation system that includes railways, roads, ports, and Airports. The Indian Railways is the world’s fourth-largest railway network, with over 67,000 kilometers of track. The national highway system is over 1,30,000 kilometers long, and the state highway system is over 1,00,000 kilometers long. India has 12 major ports and over 100 minor ports. The country also has a network of inland waterways, which are used for both passenger and cargo transportation. India has over 100 airports, of which 20 are international airports.
The Indian Railways is a public sector undertaking that is responsible for the operation of the country’s railway network. The railways are the most popular mode of transportation in India, carrying over 23 million passengers daily. The railways are also a major source of employment, with over 1.3 million people employed in the sector.
The national highway system is a network of roads that connect the major cities and towns in India. The highways are maintained by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). The state highway system is a network of roads that connect the districts and towns within a state. The highways are maintained by the state governments.
India has 12 major ports, which are located at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Haldia, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore, Kandla, Mormugao, New Mangalore, and Cochin. The major ports are responsible for handling the country’s international trade. The minor ports are located along the coastline and are used for both passenger and cargo transportation.
India has a network of inland waterways, which are used for both passenger and cargo transportation. The inland waterways are mainly used for transporting goods, such as coal, iron