Vocational or Extension Education

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Human resource development, in short, means investment in Human Capital. Human capital means people can act as capital assets which yield a stream of economic benefits over their working life. An improvement in the mental capability, skill, and physical capacity of the people constitutes an increase in the human capital because this enables the human factor to produce more. Two types of expenditure can be called as Investment in human capital. One is expenditure on Education i.e., general education and technical training and the other is expenditure on the provision of Health care Services likes hospitals, medicines etc.

The basic objective behind development of human Resources is to increase the productivity of labour. Productivity of labour can be raised either by more and more use of capital intensive tools and machines, and it can also be raised by imparting education both technical and nontechnical, to the laborers for skill-generation. Macaulay under the British regime gave a system of education to India which produced only clerks. But for improving the pace of Capital Formation, human resource development was essential, in the form of change in existing educational structure and system and by more expenditure on education.

The Planning Commission during the Eighth Plan approved an expenditure of Rs 21,217 crore for education which was 4.9 per cent of total plan of public sector outlay. The Ninth Plan however does not specify allocation to education. According to 1991 census, the Literacy rate in our country is 52.11 per cent while in 1951 it was 16.67 per cent. According to World Development Report 1999/2000 adult male illiteracy rate was 33 per cent in India in 1997 as against 9 per cent in China, 6 per cent in Sri Lanka, 5 per cent in Philippines and 3 per cent in Thailand.

Elementary education especially universalization of free and compulsory education up to the age of 14, received a priority in the Eighth Plan. A national programme of midday meals was started in August 1995 to promote access, retention and nutritional care of primary school children.

During the Eighth-Plan, Operation Black Board (launched in 1987), National Programme of Nutritional Support (launched in August 1995), Minimum Levels of Learning (MLL), District Primary Education Programme (introduced in 1994), Bihar Education Project (launched in 1991), with a sharing cost from UNICEF, U.P Basic Education Project, Mahila Samakhya (launched in 1991) in. 10 districts of U.P, Gujarat and Karnataka etc. were all implemented.

For the realization of the goal of universalization of elementary education, the National Policy on Education had stressed on retention, participation and achievement rather than mere enrolment which is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for achieving the goal of universalization of education. Elementary education is a major thrust area during the Ninth-Plan.

Institutes, Programmes and Schemes for Imparting Vocational or Extension Education for Human Resource development in india

Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)

The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) impart training and Awards Vocational or Extension certificates for the unorganized sectors. The list of such training has been given in Table 1. KVIC (established in April 1957) is a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament. It took over the work of former All India Khadi and Village Industries Board.

It has the main objective of generating EMPLOYMENT; the other objective of producing saleable products; and the wider objective of creating self-reliance amongst the people and building up of strong rural community spirit.

KVIC is assigned with the proper planning, promotion, organizational implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development and are also charged with the responsibility of encouraging and promoting research in the KVI sector.
KVIC is also entrusted with the task of providing financial assistance to institutions engaged in rural development.

Tool Room & Training Centers (DC, MSME)

Govt. of India has set up a few Tool Room & Training Centers of large size involving estimated cost of over Rs. 50 crores each, in order to provide facilities for design and manufacture of tools. Govt. of India have decided to assist the State governments by setting up Mini Tool Room and Training Centers.

National Manufacturing Competitive Council (NMCC)

This Body was set up by Govt. of India in the year of 2004 as a part of National Common Minimum Program to help in accelerated Growth of GDP, primarily focusing on manufacturing Industry. According to the strategy for National Manufacturing-2006, Vocational or Extension training plays a key role on this. According to a report by NMCC, if Indian manufacturing has to grow at around 12 percent per annum, it will be necessary for the education and training system to produce at least 1.5 million technically skilled people every year. It is estimated that the country would need an incremental requirement of about 20 million skilled technicians by 2015.

CAPART (Council for Advancement of Rural Technology): CAPART is playing a crucial role in implementing development activities through funding of different voluntary organizations. These voluntary organizations help rural people to enhance livelihood by giving them support through different modes of Vocational or Extension training and related activities. CAPART has been formed by amalgamating the ‘Council for Advancement of Rural Technology’ (CART) and ‘People’s Action for Development India’ (PADI). CAPART is an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India and it has been a major promoter of rural development in India, assisting over 12,000 voluntary organizations.

Prime Minister’s National Council on Skill development

Prime Minister as Chairman; Ministers of Finance, HRD, Industries, Rural Development, Labour & Employment and Housing & Urban POVERTY Alleviation; Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission; Chairperson, National Manufacturing Competitive Council; Chairperson of the National Skill Development Corporation; six experts in the area of Skill Development as Members and Private Secretary to Prime Minister as Member-Secretary.

The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS)

It has been set up as an advisory body for the informal sector to bring about improvement in the productivity of these enterprises and for generation of large scale employment opportunities on a sustainable basis, particularly in rural areas.

Vocational Education, also known as technical education or career and technical education (CTE), is a type of education that prepares people for specific trades, jobs, or careers. It is often offered in high schools, community colleges, and technical schools.

Vocational education can include a variety of subjects, such as agriculture, business, child development, computer science, cosmetology, culinary arts, early childhood education, engineering, fashion design, health care, hospitality, human resources, information technology, law enforcement, Marketing, mathematics, medical assisting, nursing, personal training, physical therapy, plumbing, psychology, real estate, social work, teaching, technology, trades, veterinary medicine, and welding.

There are many benefits to vocational education. It can help people develop the skills they need to get a good job, earn a good living, and support themselves and their families. It can also help people develop the skills they need to start their own businesses.

Vocational education can also help people develop the skills they need to be successful in life. It can teach them how to work hard, be responsible, and be accountable. It can also teach them how to solve problems, think critically, and communicate effectively.

If you are considering vocational education, there are a few things you should keep in mind. First, you should make sure that you are interested in the subject you are studying. If you are not interested, you are less likely to be successful. Second, you should make sure that you are willing to work hard. Vocational education can be demanding, but it is also very rewarding. Third, you should make sure that you are prepared to make a commitment. Vocational education can take several years to complete, so you need to be sure that you are willing to invest the time and effort.

If you are interested in vocational education, there are a few things you can do to get started. First, you can talk to your guidance counselor at school. They can help you find out what vocational education programs are available in your area. Second, you can visit your local community college or technical school. They can give you more information about the programs they offer and help you decide if vocational education is right for you. Third, you can talk to people who are working in the field you are interested in. They can give you first-hand information about the job and the skills you need to be successful.

Vocational education can be a great way to prepare for a successful career. If you are interested in a specific trade, job, or career, vocational education can give you the skills you need to get started.

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about education:

What is education?
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
What are the different types of education?
There are many different types of education, including formal education, informal education, and non-formal education. Formal education is the type of education that takes place in schools, colleges, and universities. It is usually structured and organized, and it leads to a degree or diploma. Informal education is the type of education that takes place outside of formal settings. It can happen through everyday experiences, such as talking to friends and family, reading books, or watching TV. Non-formal education is a type of education that is somewhere between formal and informal education. It is usually organized and structured, but it does not lead to a degree or diploma.
What are the benefits of education?
There are many benefits to education. Education can help people get better jobs, earn higher salaries, and live longer, healthier lives. Education can also help people become more informed citizens and make better decisions about their lives.
What are the challenges of education?
There are many challenges to education. One challenge is that education can be expensive. Another challenge is that not everyone has access to quality education. Additionally, there is a growing gap between the education of the rich and the poor.
What is the future of education?
The future of education is uncertain. However, it is likely that education will become more personalized and technology-based. Additionally, it is likely that education will become more focused on lifelong learning.
What are some common misconceptions about education?
There are many common misconceptions about education. One misconception is that education is only for young people. Another misconception is that education is only for people who want to go to college. Additionally, there is a misconception that education is only about getting a good job.
What are some resources for learning more about education?
There are many resources for learning more about education. Some resources include books, articles, websites, and educational institutions. Additionally, there are many people who are passionate about education and who are willing to share their knowledge and experience.

Which of the following is not a type of education?
(A) Vocational education
(B) Extension education
(C) Adult education
(D) K-12 education
Which of the following is the most common type of education in the United States?
(A) Vocational education
(B) Extension education
(C) Adult education
(D) K-12 education
Which of the following is the goal of vocational education?
(A) To prepare students for a specific career
(B) To provide students with general knowledge and skills
(C) To help students develop their critical thinking skills
(D) To help students become lifelong learners
Which of the following is the goal of extension education?
(A) To provide farmers with the latest agricultural information
(B) To help businesses grow and succeed
(C) To provide adults with the opportunity to learn new skills
(D) To help communities solve problems
Which of the following is the goal of adult education?
(A) To help adults learn new skills
(B) To help adults develop their critical thinking skills
(C) To help adults become lifelong learners
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is the most common type of adult education?
(A) Job training
(B) English as a second language (ESL) classes
(C) GED preparation classes
(D) Community college courses
Which of the following is the most common type of vocational education?
(A) Trade school
(B) Apprenticeship
(C) On-the-job training
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is the most common type of extension education?
(A) Cooperative extension
(B) Master Gardener program
(C) 4-H
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is the most common type of K-12 education?
(A) Public school
(B) Private school
(C) Charter school
(D) Homeschooling
Which of the following is the most common type of higher education?
(A) Community college
(B) Four-year college
(C) University
(D) Trade school