Vocational Education

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Vocational Education: As a tool of HR development

Human resource development, in short, means investment in Human Capital. Human capital means people can act as capital assets which yield a stream of economic benefits over their working life. An improvement in the mental capability, skill, and physical capacity of the people constitutes an increase in the human capital because this enables the human factor to produce more. Two types of expenditure can be called as Investment in human capital. One is expenditure on education i.e., general education and technical training and the other is expenditure on the provision of Health care Services likes hospitals, medicines etc.

The basic objective behind development of human Resources is to increase the productivity of labour. Productivity of labour can be raised either by more and more use of capital intensive tools and machines, and it can also be raised by imparting education both technical and nontechnical, to the laborers for skill-generation. Macaulay under the British regime gave a system of education to India which produced only clerks. But for improving the pace of Capital Formation, human resource development was essential, in the form of change in existing educational structure and system and by more expenditure on education.

The Planning Commission during the Eighth Plan approved an expenditure of Rs 21,217 crore for education which was 4.9 per cent of total plan of public sector outlay. The Ninth Plan however does not specify allocation to education. According to 1991 census, the Literacy rate in our country is 52.11 per cent while in 1951 it was 16.67 per cent. According to World Development Report 1999/2000 adult male illiteracy rate was 33 per cent in India in 1997 as against 9 per cent in China, 6 per cent in Sri Lanka, 5 per cent in Philippines and 3 per cent in Thailand.

Elementary education especially universalization of free and compulsory education up to the age of 14, received a priority in the Eighth Plan. A national programme of midday meals was started in August 1995 to promote access, retention and nutritional care of primary school children.

During the Eighth-Plan, Operation Black Board (launched in 1987), National Programme of Nutritional Support (launched in August 1995), Minimum Levels of Learning (MLL), District Primary Education Programme (introduced in 1994), Bihar Education Project (launched in 1991), with a sharing cost from UNICEF, U.P Basic Education Project, Mahila Samakhya (launched in 1991) in. 10 districts of U.P, Gujarat and Karnataka etc. were all implemented.

For the realization of the goal of universalization of elementary education, the National Policy on Education had stressed on retention, participation and achievement rather than mere enrolment which is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for achieving the goal of universalization of education. Elementary education is a major thrust area during the Ninth-Plan.

Institutes, Programmes and Schemes for Imparting vocational Education for Human Resource development in india

Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)

The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) impart training and Awards vocational certificates for the unorganized sectors. The list of such training has been given in Table 1. KVIC (established in April 1957) is a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament. It took over the work of former All India Khadi and Village Industries Board.

It has the main objective of generating EMPLOYMENT; the other objective of producing saleable products; and the wider objective of creating self-reliance amongst the people and building up of strong rural community spirit.

KVIC is assigned with the proper planning, promotion, organizational implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development and are also charged with the responsibility of encouraging and promoting research in the KVI sector.
KVIC is also entrusted with the task of providing financial assistance to institutions engaged in rural development.

Tool Room & Training Centers (DC, MSME)

Govt. of India has set up a few Tool Room & Training Centers of large size involving estimated cost of over Rs. 50 crores each, in order to provide facilities for design and manufacture of tools. Govt. of India have decided to assist the State governments by setting up Mini Tool Room and Training Centers.

National Manufacturing Competitive Council (NMCC)

This Body was set up by Govt. of India in the year of 2004 as a part of National Common Minimum Program to help in accelerated Growth of GDP, primarily focusing on manufacturing Industry. According to the strategy for National Manufacturing-2006, vocational training plays a key role on this. According to a report by NMCC, if Indian manufacturing has to grow at around 12 percent per annum, it will be necessary for the education and training system to produce at least 1.5 million technically skilled people every year. It is estimated that the country would need an incremental requirement of about 20 million skilled technicians by 2015.

CAPART (Council for Advancement of Rural Technology): CAPART is playing a crucial role in implementing development activities through funding of different voluntary organizations. These voluntary organizations help rural people to enhance livelihood by giving them support through different modes of vocational training and related activities. CAPART has been formed by amalgamating the ‘Council for Advancement of Rural Technology’ (CART) and ‘People’s Action for Development India’ (PADI). CAPART is an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India and it has been a major promoter of rural development in India, assisting over 12,000 voluntary organizations.

Prime Minister’s National Council on Skill development

Prime Minister as Chairman; Ministers of Finance, HRD, Industries, Rural Development, Labour & Employment and Housing & Urban POVERTY Alleviation; Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission; Chairperson, National Manufacturing Competitive Council; Chairperson of the National Skill Development Corporation; six experts in the area of Skill Development as Members and Private Secretary to Prime Minister as Member-Secretary.

The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS)

It has been set up as an advisory body for the informal sector to bring about improvement in the productivity of these enterprises and for generation of large scale employment opportunities on a sustainable basis, particularly in rural areas.

Vocational education is a type of education that prepares students for specific trades or careers. It can be offered in high schools, community colleges, or technical schools. Vocational education can include apprenticeships, cooperative education, dual enrollment, experiential learning, job training, on-the-job training, technical education, trade school, and work-based learning.

Apprenticeships are a type of vocational education in which students learn a trade by working under the supervision of a skilled worker. Apprenticeships typically last three to four years, and students must complete a certain number of hours of on-the-job training and classroom instruction.

Cooperative education is a type of vocational education in which students alternate between periods of classroom instruction and periods of work experience. Cooperative education programs typically last two to three years, and students must complete a certain number of hours of both classroom instruction and work experience.

Dual enrollment is a type of vocational education in which students take college-level courses while they are still in high school. Dual enrollment programs allow students to earn college credits while they are still in high school, and they can also help students save Money on college tuition.

Experiential learning is a type of vocational education that involves hands-on learning experiences. Experiential learning can take place in a variety of settings, such as internships, job shadowing, and service learning.

Job training is a type of vocational education that prepares students for specific jobs. Job training programs typically last a few weeks or months, and they focus on teaching students the skills they need to perform a specific job.

On-the-job training (OJT) is a type of vocational education that takes place in the workplace. OJT is typically provided by an employer, and it can be used to train employees on new skills or to update their existing skills.

Technical education is a type of vocational education that focuses on teaching students the skills they need to work in technical fields. Technical education programs typically last two to four years, and they can lead to careers in fields such as engineering, computer science, and healthcare.

Trade school is a type of vocational school that offers training in specific trades. Trade schools typically last one to two years, and they can lead to careers in fields such as carpentry, plumbing, and welding.

Work-based learning is a type of vocational education that takes place in the workplace. Work-based learning can take many forms, such as internships, apprenticeships, and cooperative education.

Vocational education can provide students with the skills they need to succeed in the workforce. It can also help students develop a strong work ethic and learn how to be responsible and reliable employees. Vocational education can also be a great way for students to explore their interests and find a career that they are passionate about.

If you are interested in vocational education, there are many resources available to help you get started. You can talk to your high school counselor, visit your local community college or technical school, or search online for vocational education programs in your area.

What is a career?

A career is a sequence of related jobs that make up a person’s working life. It is a path that a person follows in their professional life, and it can include a variety of different jobs.

What are the different types of careers?

There are many different types of careers, and they can be classified into different categories. Some common categories of careers include:

Professional careers: These careers require a high level of education and training, and they often involve working in a specific field or industry. Examples of professional careers include doctors, lawyers, and engineers.
Managerial careers: These careers involve planning, organizing, and directing the work of others. Managers typically have a bachelor’s degree or higher, and they often have experience in a specific field or industry.
Technical careers: These careers require a high level of technical knowledge and skills. Technical workers typically have a bachelor’s degree or higher, and they often have experience in a specific field or industry.
Sales careers: These careers involve selling products or services to customers. Salespeople typically have a high school diploma or equivalent, and they often have experience in a specific field or industry.
Service careers: These careers involve providing assistance to customers or clients. Service workers typically have a high school diploma or equivalent, and they often have experience in a specific field or industry.

How do I choose a career?

There are many factors to consider when choosing a career. Some important factors include:

Your interests: What are you passionate about? What do you enjoy doing?
Your skills: What are you good at? What skills do you have?
Your values: What is important to you? What do you want to achieve in your career?
Your Personality: What kind of person are you? What kind of work Environment do you thrive in?
Your education and training: What kind of education and training do you need to pursue your career?
The job market: What are the job prospects for your chosen career?

How do I get a job?

Once you have chosen a career, you need to find a job. There are many different ways to find a job, including:

Networking: Talk to your friends, family, and colleagues to see if they know of any job openings.
Online job boards: There are many websites that list job openings. You can search for jobs by keyword, location, and other criteria.
Temp agencies: Temp agencies can help you find temporary or contract work. This can be a good way to get your foot in the door at a company and to gain experience in your field.
Career fairs: Career fairs are a great way to meet with potential employers and to learn about job openings.
Job interviews: Once you have found a job that you are interested in, you will need to interview for the position. Job interviews can be nerve-wracking, but there are a few things you can do to prepare and to increase your chances of success.

What are the benefits of having a career?

There are many benefits to having a career. Some of the benefits include:

Financial security: A career can provide you with a steady income and a secure financial future.
Job satisfaction: A career can be a source of satisfaction and fulfillment.
Personal growth: A career can help you develop your skills and knowledge, and it can also help you grow as a person.
Networking opportunities: A career can give you the opportunity to Network with other professionals, which can be helpful for your career development.
Social status: A career can give you a sense of social status and accomplishment.

What are the challenges of having a career?

There are also some challenges associated with having a career. Some of the challenges include:

Work-life balance: It can be difficult to balance your work life with your personal life.
Stress: A career can be stressful, especially if you are in a high-pressure job.
Long hours: Some careers require long hours, which can be difficult to manage.
Job insecurity: There is always the risk of losing your job, even if you are in a good career.
Career changes: It is not uncommon to change careers at some point in your life. This can be a challenge, but it can also be an opportunity to grow and develop.

What is the future of work?

The future of work is uncertain. The rise of automation and Artificial Intelligence is likely to lead to job losses in some industries, but it is also likely to create new jobs in other industries. The future of work will require workers to be adaptable and to be able to learn new skills.

What is the most important thing to consider when choosing a career?
(A) Your interests
(B) Your skills
(C) Your personality
(D) The job market
What is the best way to find a job?
(A) Network with people in your field
(B) Apply for jobs online
(C) Attend job fairs
(D) Use a temp agency
What is the best way to prepare for a job interview?
(A) Practice answering common interview questions
(B) Dress professionally
(C) Arrive on time
(D) All of the above
What is the best way to negotiate a salary?
(A) Do your research and know your worth
(B) Be confident and assertive
(C) Be prepared to walk away from the negotiation
(D) All of the above
What is the best way to advance in your career?
(A) Take on new challenges
(B) Learn new skills
(C) Network with people in your field
(D) All of the above
What is the best way to deal with a difficult boss?
(A) Talk to your boss about the problem
(B) Document the problem
(C) If the problem persists, talk to your HR department
(D) All of the above
What is the best way to deal with a difficult coworker?
(A) Talk to the coworker about the problem
(B) If the problem persists, talk to your boss
(C) If the problem persists, talk to your HR department
(D) All of the above
What is the best way to deal with a stressful job?
(A) Take breaks throughout the day
(B) Exercise regularly
(C) Get enough sleep
(D) All of the above
What is the best way to deal with a layoff?
(A) Update your resume and start looking for a new job
(B) File for Unemployment benefits
(C) Take some time to relax and figure out what you want to do next
(D) All of the above
What is the best way to deal with a job loss?
(A) Don’t give up
(B) Stay positive
(C) Network with people in your field
(D) All of the above