Urbanization and economic growth in India

Introduction

Urban areas have been recognized as “engines of inclusive economic Growth”. Of the 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas, i.e approx 32 % of the Population. The Census Of India, 2011 defines urban settlement as :-

All the places which have Municipality, corporation, Cantonment Board or notified town area committee

All the other places which satisfy following criteria :

A minimum population of 5000 persons
At least 75 % of male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
A density of population of at least 400 persons per square kilometer
The first category of urban units are known as Statutory town. These town are notified under law by respective State/UT government and have local bodies like Municipal Corporation, municipality, etc, irrespective of demographic characteristics. For example- Vadodara (Municipal corporation), Shimla (Municipal corporation)
The second category of towns is known as Census Town. These were identified on the basis of census 2001 data.Cities are urban areas with more than 100,000 population. Urban areas below 100,000 are called towns in India.

Trends supporting Urbanisation in India

Here are some key points regarding Urbanization and Planning in India:

Private cities are now expanding due to the support of private companies. Private developers are building private housing projects that will exponentially grow in the years to come.
The Delhi-Mumbai Corridor is an Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE program set to develop ‘Smart Cities’ and combine next-generation technology with infrastructural development.
The transport and Logistics sector of India underlines the importance of interconnecting the different modes of transportation: road, rail, sea and air. An efficient multi-modal system is relevant in the development and successful growth of the infrastructural systems.
Special Economic Zones dot the landscape of India. Each of these zones is focused on a particular sector such as IT, apparel and fashion, or petroleum and petrochemical industries.
Industrial townships are built to house employees close to the factories and manufacturing Plants at which they work. After the success of the pioneering industrial Township – Tata’s Steel Town – the government is planning on developing more like it.
India’s expected economic growth opens up expansion prospects for Indian Airports. Domestic and international passengers are inevitably predicted to double in number in the years to come

Table of Contents

Causes of Urbanisation:

Various reasons have led to the growth of cities. They are as follows:

i. Industrialization:

Industrialization is a major cause of urbanization. It has expanded the EMPLOYMENT opportunities. Rural people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities.

ii. Social factors:

Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for status also induce people to migrate to cities.

iii. Employment opportunities:

In rural sector people have to depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian Agriculture is depending on monsoon. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people have to migrate to cities.

iv. Modernization:

Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, Communication, medical facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities.

Rural urban transformation:

It is an interesting aspect that not only cities are growing in number but rural community is adopting urban culture, no longer rural communities are retaining their unique rural culture. Rural people are following the material culture of urban people. Urban rural transformation can be observed in the following areas.

Spread of Education:

The Literacy rate has increased among the rural people. They have become more modernised.

Change in Dress habits.
Adoption of modern Technology
Enlightenment of Women.
Modern transport and communication. E.g.: Cell phones have become common even among rural people.
Active involvement in politics.
Growth of infrastructure like Banks, Post office.
Awareness among rural consumers.
Increasing demand for sophisticated products like cosmetics etc.

Thus it can be noticed that there are significant changes in the life style of village people. Indian villages have adopted urban culture and urban style of living. However, all villages in India are not transformed. Only certain villages situated close to the cities have been transformed.

Effect of Urbanisation:

With a high rate of urbanization significant changes have taken place. The effect of urbanisation can be summed up as follows:

Positive effect:

Migration of rural people to urban areas.
Employment opportunities in urban centres.
Transport and communication facilities.
Educational facilities.
Increase in the standard of living.

Urbanization can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable limit. Extensive urbanisation or indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as follows:

Problem of over population:

Concentration of population is a major problem of cities. It has resulted in accommodation problem, growth of slums etc.

Disintegration of Joint family:

Joint family can’t be maintained in cities on account of high cost of living: People prefer to live in the nuclear type of families.

iii. Cost of living:

High cost of living is a major problem of cities. In Metro cities like Mumbai, Bangalore etc. it is very difficult for lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.

Increase in Crime rates:

Urban centres are known for high rate of crimes. Theft, Dacoity, Murder, Cheating, Pick pocketing, rape etc. are common in urban centres.

Impersonal relations:

Urban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of neighbourhood, community life are almost absent in cities. Urban life is highly monotonous. This may have an adverse psychological effect on individuals. People are often self centred and they have no concern for the fellow human beings.

Problem of Pollution:

In industrialized cities pollution is a major problems. It may be caused by industries or by excessive movement of vehicles.

viii. Stress:

Urban life is characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities employment of women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. Changing role of women in the family creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained relations.
Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de-merits. Urbanization can’t be avoided. But the negative effect of urbanization can be minimised.

challenges in urban development
Institutional challenges

Urban Governance

74th amendment act has been implemented half-heartedly by the states, which has not fully empowered the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). ULBs comprise of municipal corporations, municipalities and nagar panchayats, which are to be supported by state governments to manage the urban development. For this , ULBs need clear delegation of functions, financial Resources and autonomy. At present urban governance needs improvement for urban development, which can be done by enhancing technology, administrative and managerial capacity of ULBs.

Planning

Planning is mainly centralized and till now the state planning boards and commissions have not come out with any specific planning strategies an depend on Planning Commission for it. This is expected to change in present government, as planning commission has been abolished and now focus is on empowering the states and strengthening the federal structure.
In fact for big cities the plans have become outdated and do not reflect the concern of urban local dwellers, this needs to be take care by Metropolitan Planning Committee as per provisions of 74th amendment act. Now the planning needs to be decentralized and participatory to accommodate the needs of the urban dwellers.
Also there is lack of human resource for undertaking planning on full scale. State planning departments and national planning institutions lack qualified planning professional. Need is to expand the scope of planners from physical to integrated planning- Land use, infrastructure, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, risk reduction, economic productivity and financial diversity.

Finances

Major challenge is of revenue generation with the ULBs. This problem can be analyzed form two perspectives. First, the states have not given enough autonomy to ULBs to generate revenues and Second in some case the ULBs have failed to utilize even those tax and fee powers that they have been vested with.
There are two sources of municipal revenue i.e. municipal own revenue and assigned revenue. Municipal own revenue are generated by municipal own revenue through taxes and fee levied by them. Assigned revenues are those which are assigned to local governments by higher tier of government.
There is need to broaden the user charge fee for water supply, sewerage and garbage disposal. Since these are the goods which have a private characteristics and no public spill over, so charging user fee will be feasible and will improve the revenue of ULBs , along with periodic revision. Once the own revenue generating capacity of the cities will improve, they can easily get loans from the banks. At present due to lack of revenue generation capabilities, banks don’t give loan to ULBs for further development. For financing urban projects, Municipal Bonds are also famous, which work on the concept of pooled financing.

Regulator

There is exponential increase in the real estate, encroaching the agricultural lands. Also the rates are very high, which are not affordable and other irregularities are also in practice. For this, we need regulator, which can make level playing field and will be instrumental for affordable housing and checking corrupt practices in Real estate sector.

Infrastructural challenges

Housing

Housing provision for the growing urban population will be the biggest challenge before the government. The growing cost of houses comparison to the income of the urban middle class, has made it impossible for majority of lower income groups and are residing in congested accommodation and many of those are devoid of proper ventilation, lighting, water supply, sewage system, etc. For instance in Delhi, the current estimate is of a shortage of 5,00,000 dwelling units the coming decades. The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) introduced the concept of “Housing POVERTY” which includes “Individuals and households who lack safe, secure and healthy shelter, with basic infrastructure such as piped water and adequate provision for sanitation, drainage and the removal of household waste”.

Safe drinking water

The safe drinking water sources are also found to be contaminated because of water in the cities are inadequate and in the future, the expected population cannot be accommodated without a drastic improvement in the availability of water. The expenses on water treatment and reuse will grow manifold.

Sanitation

The poor sanitation condition is another gloomy feature in urban areas and particularly in slums and unauthorized colonies of urban areas. The Drainage System in many unorganized colonies and slums are either not existing and if existing are in a bad shape and in bits resulting in blockage of waste water. This unsanitary conditions lead to many sanitation related diseases such as diahorrea and malaria. Unsafe garbage disposal is one of the critical problem in urban areas and garbage management always remained a major challenge.

Health conditions

The important indicators of Human Development are educationand health. The health condition of urban poor in some areas are even more adverse compared to rural areas. As many as 20 million children in the developing countries are dying consequent to drinking water. About 6, 00,000 persons are losing their lives on account of indoor Air Pollution (Jagmohan, 2005).
The National Family Health Survey, 2006-07 has envisaged that a lot of women and children are suffering from nutritional anaemia and diseases like tuberculosis and asthma are occurring in good number. Providing health care Services to the growing urban population is major challenge before the government health care delivery system.
They have to take the help of private players as public health facilities are poor. In case of migrants, they cannot take the benefit of government policies, so they have to pay very high charges, which keep them in the vicious cycle of poverty. Urban education system also is becoming elite in private institution due to limited seats and high charged fee. The condition of public educational institution is dismal.

Urban public transport

As high income individual are buying more private vehicle and use less public transport. Such huge number of vehicles in cities is causing more traffic jam, which in turn decreases the efficiency of public transport. Also the penetration of public transport is less, which make people use private vehicle. Public transport
is less disabled friendly. There is also lack of infrastructure and poor maintenance of existing public transport infrastructure

Opportunities in India’s urban infrastructure

In order to face the challenges of urbanization, infrastructures need to be improved. Unfortunately, rapid Population Growth and a lack of adequate Investment is making urban infrastructure growth slow.

Affordable Housing in India

India is facing a house shortage in urban areas at the moment and more housing would be required in order to meet future demand. This demand comes from the economically weaker section due to lack of housing policies. Some parts in India have introduced public-private-PARTNERSHIP policies, which have led to the development of housing.

Transport business opportunities in India

Private mode of transport is dominant in India. There is a heavy reliance on private transport that has led to the congestion of roads and increasing commuting time and pollution. Road networks therefore need to increase because of the influx of these vehicles.
On a separate note, public mode of transport is gradually decreasing in terms of popularity.
In an effort to improve the urban transport situation in India, new metro rail networks have been developed.

Water and wastewater management in India

The water supply in India faces several issues and the water and wastewater management in the country needs to be improved. The government though has made initiatives to improve water supplies establishing projects for selected areas.
Sewage and sanitation is also facing a dilemma in India at the moment. Nevertheless, projects to further improve this is currently a work in progress.

Power and power infrastructure requirements in India

Increasing urbanization has led to increasing demand in energy consumption. India greatly needs to increase their power-generating capacity and develop new ways of generating power

Urbanization is the process of people moving from rural areas to cities. It is a global phenomenon that has been happening for centuries. In India, urbanization has been accelerating in recent decades. The country’s urban population is expected to double by 2050.

There are many reasons for urbanization in India. One reason is the country’s rapid economic growth. As the economy grows, more people are able to find jobs in cities. Another reason is the lack of opportunities in rural areas. Many people in rural India live in poverty and lack access to basic services such as education and healthcare. They move to cities in search of a better life.

Urbanization has both positive and negative impacts on economic growth. On the positive side, urbanization can lead to increased productivity and innovation. Cities are centers of economic activity and innovation. They attract businesses and entrepreneurs from all over the world. This can lead to new jobs and economic growth.

On the negative side, urbanization can also lead to problems such as pollution, congestion, and crime. Cities are often overcrowded and lack the infrastructure to support a large population. This can lead to problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and water shortages.

The Indian government is aware of the challenges of urbanization and is taking steps to address them. The government has developed a National Urban Policy that aims to promote sustainable urbanization. The policy includes measures to improve infrastructure, develop affordable housing, and create jobs in cities.

The future of urbanization in India is uncertain. The country’s population is expected to continue to grow, which will put pressure on cities. The government will need to continue to invest in infrastructure and services to ensure that cities can cope with the growing population.

Urbanization is a complex issue with both positive and negative impacts. The Indian government is taking steps to address the challenges of urbanization, but the future of urbanization in India is uncertain.

Here are some additional details on the subtopics you provided:

Urbanization in India: The urban population in India is growing rapidly. In 2011, the urban population was 377 million, or 31% of the total population. By 2050, the urban population is projected to reach 814 million, or 40% of the total population.
Economic growth in India: India’s economy has been growing rapidly in recent years. The Average annual growth rate of the GDP was 7.5% from 2000 to 2016. This growth has been driven by factors such as strong domestic demand, investment, and exports.
Urbanization and economic growth: There is a strong correlation between urbanization and economic growth. Studies have shown that countries with higher levels of urbanization tend to have higher levels of economic growth. This is because urbanization can lead to increased productivity, innovation, and investment.
Impact of urbanization on economic growth: Urbanization can have a positive impact on economic growth in a number of ways. First, urbanization can lead to increased productivity. Cities are centers of economic activity and innovation. They attract businesses and entrepreneurs from all over the world. This can lead to new jobs and economic growth.
Impact of economic growth on urbanization: Economic growth can also have a positive impact on urbanization. As the economy grows, more people are able to find jobs in cities. This can lead to increased migration to cities. Economic growth can also lead to increased investment in infrastructure, which can make cities more attractive to residents and businesses.
Challenges of urbanization in India: Urbanization in India is facing a number of challenges. One challenge is the lack of infrastructure. Cities in India are often overcrowded and lack the infrastructure to support a large population. This can lead to problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and water shortages.
Opportunities of urbanization in India: Urbanization also presents a number of opportunities. One opportunity is the growth of the services sector. Cities are centers of economic activity and innovation. They attract businesses and entrepreneurs from all over the world. This can lead to new jobs and economic growth in the services sector.
Policies for urbanization in India: The Indian government is taking steps to address the challenges of urbanization. The government has developed a National Urban Policy that aims to promote sustainable urbanization. The policy includes measures to improve infrastructure, develop affordable housing, and create jobs in cities.
Future of urbanization in India: The future of urbanization in India is uncertain. The country’s population is expected to continue to grow, which will put pressure on cities. The government will need to continue to invest in infrastructure and services to ensure that cities can cope with the growing population.

What is urbanization?

Urbanization is the process of people moving from rural areas to cities. It is a global phenomenon that is happening in all parts of the world.

What are the causes of urbanization?

There are many factors that contribute to urbanization, including:

Economic growth: As countries develop, people tend to move to cities in search of better jobs and opportunities.
Population growth: The world’s population is growing rapidly, and much of this growth is happening in urban areas.
Natural disasters: Natural disasters, such as floods and Earthquakes, can force people to move to cities.
War and conflict: War and conflict can also lead to urbanization, as people flee their homes in search of safety.

What are the effects of urbanization?

Urbanization can have both positive and negative effects. Some of the positive effects of urbanization include:

Increased economic growth: Cities are often centers of economic activity, and urbanization can lead to increased economic growth.
Improved infrastructure: Urbanization can lead to the development of new infrastructure, such as roads, schools, and hospitals.
Increased social and cultural diversity: Cities are often more diverse than rural areas, and urbanization can lead to increased social and cultural diversity.

Some of the negative effects of urbanization include:

Increased pollution: Cities can be more polluted than rural areas, due to factors such as traffic congestion and industrial emissions.
Increased crime: Cities can also have higher crime rates than rural areas.
Overcrowding: Cities can become overcrowded, leading to problems such as housing shortages and traffic congestion.

What are the challenges of urbanization?

One of the biggest challenges of urbanization is providing adequate infrastructure for the growing population. Cities need to invest in new roads, schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure to meet the needs of their residents.

Another challenge of urbanization is managing pollution. Cities produce a lot of pollution, and it can be difficult to control. This can lead to health problems for residents and damage to the Environment.

Finally, urbanization can lead to social problems, such as crime and overcrowding. Cities need to find ways to address these problems in order to create a safe and livable environment for their residents.

What are the solutions to the challenges of urbanization?

There are a number of solutions to the challenges of urbanization, including:

Investing in infrastructure: Cities need to invest in new roads, schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure to meet the needs of their growing population.
Managing pollution: Cities need to find ways to control pollution, such as by investing in clean energy and public transportation.
Addressing social problems: Cities need to find ways to address social problems, such as crime and overcrowding, in order to create a safe and livable environment for their residents.

What is the future of urbanization?

The future of urbanization is uncertain. Some experts believe that urbanization will continue to grow, while others believe that it will eventually plateau. The future of urbanization will depend on a number of factors, including economic growth, population growth, and Climate change.

Which of the following is not a factor that has contributed to India’s rapid urbanization?
(A) The Green Revolution
(B) The decline in fertility rates
(C) The rise of the service sector
(D) The growth of the informal economy
Which of the following is not a challenge that India faces as a result of its rapid urbanization?
(A) Traffic congestion
(B) Air pollution
(C) Water shortages
(D) A shortage of affordable housing
Which of the following is the most populous city in India?
(A) Mumbai
(B) Delhi
(C) Kolkata
(D) Chennai
Which of the following is the fastest growing city in India?
(A) Surat
(B) Ahmedabad
(C) Pune
(D) Bangalore
Which of the following is the most important factor that will determine the future of India’s urbanization?
(A) The government’s policies
(B) The private sector’s investment
(C) The people’s choices
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is not a policy that the Indian government has implemented to address the challenges of urbanization?
(A) The Smart Cities Mission
(B) The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
(C) The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(D) The Swachh Bharat Mission
Which of the following is not a type of investment that the private sector has made in India’s urban areas?
(A) Real estate
(B) Infrastructure
(C) Manufacturing
(D) Agriculture
Which of the following is not a choice that people make that can affect the future of India’s urbanization?
(A) Where to live
(B) Whether to have children
(C) What kind of job to have
(D) How to get around
Which of the following is the most important thing that the world can do to help India address the challenges of urbanization?
(A) Provide financial assistance
(B) Share technology and expertise
(C) Open up markets
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is the most important thing that India can do to address the challenges of urbanization?
(A) Invest in infrastructure
(B) Create jobs
(C) Provide affordable housing
(D) All of the above