The Chera dynasty, one of the ancient Tamil dynasties that flourished in southern India, had a well-organized administrative system that played a crucial role in the governance and stability of their kingdom. Let’s delve deeper into the administrative setup of the Chera dynasty.
1. Monarchical System
- Monarch: At the helm of the Chera administration was the monarch, who wielded supreme authority over the kingdom. The monarch’s decisions were final and binding, and they were responsible for maintaining law and order, managing the treasury, and overseeing administrative affairs.
- Succession: The succession to the throne was often hereditary, with the crown passing from father to son. However, in some instances, succession disputes led to conflicts and power struggles within the royal family.
2. Administrative Divisions
- Nadus: The Chera kingdom was divided into several nadus or provinces, each headed by a naduvazhi (provincial governor) appointed by the monarch. These nadus were further divided into smaller administrative units known as Kurunadus.
- Kurunadus: Kurunadus were local administrative units governed by Kurunaduvazhis. These officials were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and resolving disputes at the grassroots level.
3. Revenue Administration
- Taxation: The Chera administration levied various taxes to finance government expenditures and infrastructure projects. Taxes were collected in the form of land revenue, tolls on trade routes, and tributes from subordinate chieftains.
- Revenue Collection: Revenue collection was overseen by officials known as Perumakkal, who were responsible for assessing and collecting taxes from landowners and traders. The revenue collected was used to fund public works such as irrigation systems, roads, and temples.
4. Judicial System
- Legal Framework: The Chera dynasty had a well-established legal framework based on customary laws and traditional practices. Disputes and legal matters were adjudicated by local assemblies known as Ur.
- Judicial Officials: The administration appointed judicial officers called Nyayavadi to preside over legal proceedings and deliver judgments. These officials were well-versed in legal matters and ensured that justice was dispensed fairly.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: Who was the head of the Chera administration?
A1: The monarch, also known as the king, was the head of the Chera administration.
Q2: What were the main sources of revenue for the Chera kingdom?
A2: The main sources of revenue for the Chera kingdom included land revenue, trade taxes, and tributes from subordinate chieftains.
Q3: How were disputes resolved in the Chera kingdom?
A3: Disputes were resolved through local assemblies known as Ur, presided over by judicial officials called Nyayavadi.
Conclusion
The administrative system of the Chera dynasty reflects the sophistication and efficiency of governance during ancient times. Through a centralized monarchy, well-defined administrative divisions, revenue administration, and a robust judicial system, the Cheras ensured the smooth functioning of their kingdom and the welfare of their subjects. The legacy of the Chera administration continues to inspire scholars and historians, shedding light on the rich tapestry of South Indian civilization during antiquity.