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Demographic Profile of the STs
There are 32 tribes (2011) in Jharkhand of which Santhals are most numerous accounting for one third of the total tribal Population followed by Oraon, Munda and Ho contributing more than 10% to the total tribal population. Other tribes such as Kharwar, Lohra, Bhumij and Kharia have a share of less than 3% each while Mahli, Mal pahariya, Bedia and Chero have share of 1-2% each. The tribes with less than 1% contribution to the state’s tribal population include Karmali, Gond, Chick Baraik, Generic tribes, Kisan, Sauria Paharia, Korwa, Kora, Paharia, Binjhia, Asur and Birhor. The most marginalized tribes with less than 0.01% are Savar, Birjia, Gorait, Baiga, Bathudi, Banjara and Khond. Among the districts Gumla, Lohardaga and West Singhbhum account for more than 50% tribal population. Certain tribes have been under special scrutiny on the basis of their levels of primitiveness, backwardness and extincting status like the Asur, Paharia, Sabar, Birhor, Birjia, Korwa, Mal Pahariya and Sauriya Paharia. Eight out of the thirty odd tribes of Jharkhand fall under Primitive Tribal Group (PTG). They are Asur, Birhor, Birajia, Korwa, Savar, Pahariya (Baiga), Mal Pahariya and Souriya Pahariya. Together they constitute 2.73 lakhs (2001) which is a very nominal part of the total tribal population. According to the reports by the Health department Birhor, Birajia, Baiga and Souriya Pahariya are declining. Though the population size is statistically not significant for the analysis of individual tribe especially the communities with very small size of population, it is inevitable to examine their level of development for proper intervention and development action plan in terms of Human Development indicators. The sex ratio of the STs in the state is 987 and Binjhia, Kharia and Karmali have sex ratio more than 1000. Most of the other mentioned tribes have very poor sex ratio especially the Khonds and the Banjaras. However this is not a good measure for any estimation due to very small population of some tribes and also the high degree of male Migration amongst certain tribes.
Here are the biggest issues of the tribal state that remain unaddressed even after 14 years of creation of the state.
Domicile policy
None of the governments dared to bring a clear policy on domicile fearing loss of votes. When Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar 14 years ago, the tribal locals had a dream to regain their dignity. They had a dream that their aspirations would come to fruition and struggle for self-rule will yield results. The manipulation by Jharkhand’s political class on the domicile policy has led to distrust between the tribal and non-tribal communities.
Tribal-centric development
This state was formed for the welfare of the indigenous tribals. Tribals have their own way of self-rule what one can call rural governance. Panchayats play an important role in such communities so development has to be tribal-centric.
Unfortunately, the methods adopted by governments have been widely considered to be anti-tribal so far. Tribals have been dispossessed of their Resources by the state by creating an “illusory perception of development.” Over 7 million people have so far been displaced in Jharkhand in the name of development. Tribals have been the real owners of forests and agricultural lands and giving away their lands to big firms can never be appreciated.
Mineral mining
There is loot of Natural Resources in Jharkhand. It’s the repository of 40 per cent of nation’s Minerals but has no clear policies that are acceptable to indigenous tribals as well. From ArcelorMittal, Tata Steel to the Jindal Steel & Power, all have faced massive protests by the locals.
It’s considered that the mineral policy has more to do with profiting large firms. The royalty fixed by the central government for mineral mines is very low, thus benefiting private mining firms than the state.
Language and culture
In the last 14 years, there has been no effort to set up a language academy or an institute for cultural management. Cultural discrimination of tribals by the outsiders, called ‘dikus’, has been one of the major issues among these communities. The indigenous tribes demanded separate statehood to do away with years of injustice.
Land rights
Political analysts say loss of land would naturally lead to loss of tribal identity. If government bulldozes farms with standing crops to make way for industrialists, it will not solve the purpose of a separate state.
Tribals can’t be called anti-Industry or anti-development. They also want development but not at the cost of their rights over natural resources. To avoid unrest, the new government should make a clear stand on displacement and land acquisition,
Tribals are the indigenous people of India. They are the original inhabitants of the land and have a rich culture and heritage. Tribals are found in all parts of India, but they are concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the country.
Tribals are a diverse group of people with different languages, customs, and traditions. However, they share some common characteristics. Tribals are generally poor and have low levels of Education. They live in remote areas and have limited access to basic amenities such as healthcare, education, and EMPLOYMENT.
Tribals face many problems, including POVERTY, illiteracy, Malnutrition, and lack of access to healthcare. They are also vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination. The government has launched several development programmes for tribals, but these have not been very successful in addressing their problems.
NGOs have played a significant role in the development of tribals. They have provided education, healthcare, and other Services to tribals. They have also helped to protect tribal rights and promote their culture.
There are many challenges in tribal development. One of the biggest challenges is poverty. Tribals are among the poorest people in India. They lack access to land, education, and employment opportunities. This makes it difficult for them to improve their lives.
Another challenge is illiteracy. A large number of tribals are illiterate. This makes it difficult for them to access information and opportunities. It also makes it difficult for them to participate in the development process.
Tribals are also vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination. They are often exploited by moneylenders, traders, and employers. They are also discriminated against by the mainstream Society. This makes it difficult for them to improve their lives.
Despite the challenges, there is hope for the future of tribals. The government has made some positive steps towards the development of tribals. NGOs are also playing a significant role in the development of tribals. With the support of the government and NGOs, tribals can overcome the challenges and improve their lives.
Here are some additional details on each of the subtopics:
- Distribution of tribal population in India: Tribals are found in all parts of India, but they are concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the country. The states with the largest tribal populations are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.
- Characteristics of tribal population: Tribals are a diverse group of people with different languages, customs, and traditions. However, they share some common characteristics. Tribals are generally poor and have low levels of education. They live in remote areas and have limited access to basic amenities such as healthcare, education, and employment.
- Socio-economic condition of tribal population: Tribals are among the poorest people in India. They lack access to land, education, and employment opportunities. This makes it difficult for them to improve their lives. A large number of tribals are illiterate. This makes it difficult for them to access information and opportunities. It also makes it difficult for them to participate in the development process.
- Problems faced by tribal population: Tribals face many problems, including poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, and lack of access to healthcare. They are also vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination. The government has launched several development programmes for tribals, but these have not been very successful in addressing their problems.
- Development programmes for tribal population: The government has launched several development programmes for tribals, including the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP), the Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP), and the National Tribal Development Agency (NTDA). These programmes have provided some benefits to tribals, but they have not been very successful in addressing their problems.
- Role of NGOs in tribal development: NGOs have played a significant role in the development of tribals. They have provided education, healthcare, and other services to tribals. They have also helped to protect tribal rights and promote their culture.
- Challenges in tribal development: There are many challenges in tribal development. One of the biggest challenges is poverty. Tribals are among the poorest people in India. They lack access to land, education, and employment opportunities. This makes it difficult for them to improve their lives. Another challenge is illiteracy. A large number of tribals are illiterate. This makes it difficult for them to access information and opportunities. It also makes it difficult for them to participate in the development process. Tribals are also vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination. They are often exploited by moneylenders, traders, and employers. They are also discriminated against by the mainstream society. This makes it difficult for them to improve their lives.
- Future of tribal population: Despite the challenges, there is hope for the future of tribals. The government has made some positive steps towards the development of tribals. NGOs are also playing a significant role in the development of tribals. With the support of the government and NGOs, tribals can overcome the challenges and improve their lives.
What is a tribe?
A tribe is a social group consisting of a number of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a chief or headman and occupying a particular territory.
What are the different types of tribes?
There are many different types of tribes, but some of the most common include:
- Hunter-gatherer tribes: These tribes live by hunting animals and gathering wild Plants. They typically have a very simple lifestyle and move from place to place in search of food.
- Farming tribes: These tribes live by farming the land. They typically have a more complex lifestyle than hunter-gatherer tribes and often live in permanent settlements.
- Pastoral tribes: These tribes live by herding animals. They typically move from place to place in search of grazing land for their animals.
- Urban tribes: These tribes live in cities. They typically have a very different lifestyle than other types of tribes, but they still maintain some of the traditional values and customs of their ancestors.
What are the characteristics of a tribe?
Some of the characteristics of a tribe include:
- A common culture: Tribes typically have a common culture, which includes shared beliefs, values, and customs.
- A common language: Tribes typically have a common language, which is used to communicate with other members of the tribe.
- A common territory: Tribes typically have a common territory, which is the land that they live on and use for hunting, gathering, farming, or herding.
- A common Leadership: Tribes typically have a common leadership, which is made up of a chief or headman and other elders.
What are the benefits of living in a tribe?
There are many benefits to living in a tribe. Some of these benefits include:
- A sense of belonging: Tribes provide a sense of belonging and community for their members.
- Economic support: Tribes often provide economic support for their members, such as food, shelter, and clothing.
- Social support: Tribes provide social support for their members, such as emotional support, childcare, and help with finding a job.
- Cultural identity: Tribes provide a sense of cultural identity for their members, which can help them to feel connected to their ancestors and to their heritage.
What are the challenges of living in a tribe?
There are also some challenges to living in a tribe. Some of these challenges include:
- Limited resources: Tribes often have limited resources, which can make it difficult to meet the needs of all of their members.
- Isolation: Tribes can be isolated from the outside world, which can make it difficult for their members to access education, healthcare, and other services.
- Discrimination: Tribes can face discrimination from the outside world, which can make it difficult for their members to live and work in mainstream society.
- Loss of culture: Tribes can lose their culture due to contact with the outside world, which can lead to a loss of identity and a sense of alienation.
What is the future of tribes?
The future of tribes is uncertain. Some tribes are thriving, while others are struggling to survive. The challenges that tribes face are many, but they are also resilient and resourceful. It is important to support tribes and to help them to preserve their culture and way of life.
Question 1
Which of the following is not a characteristic of tribal people?
(A) They live in remote areas.
(B) They have a strong sense of community.
(C) They are often poor.
(D) They are all the same.
Answer
(D)
Tribal people are a diverse group with a wide range of cultures and beliefs. They are not all the same.
Question 2
Which of the following is a major challenge facing tribal people?
(A) Poverty
(B) Discrimination
(C) Loss of land and resources
(D) All of the above
Answer
(D)
Poverty, discrimination, and loss of land and resources are all major challenges facing tribal people.
Question 3
What is the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?
(A) A document that sets out the rights of indigenous peoples
(B) A treaty between indigenous peoples and the United Nations
(C) A set of guidelines for governments on how to treat indigenous peoples
(D) All of the above
Answer
(A)
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is a document that sets out the rights of indigenous peoples. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007.
Question 4
What is the International Labour Organization Convention 169?
(A) A treaty between the International Labour Organization and indigenous peoples
(B) A set of guidelines for governments on how to treat indigenous peoples
(C) A document that sets out the rights of indigenous peoples
(D) All of the above
Answer
(B)
The International Labour Organization Convention 169 is a set of guidelines for governments on how to treat indigenous peoples. It was adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1989.
Question 5
What is the right to self-determination?
(A) The right of indigenous peoples to determine their own political, economic, social, and Cultural Development
(B) The right of indigenous peoples to maintain their traditional way of life
(C) The right of indigenous peoples to participate in decision-making that affects them
(D) All of the above
Answer
(D)
The right to self-determination is the right of indigenous peoples to determine their own political, economic, social, and cultural development. It also includes the right to maintain their traditional way of life and to participate in decision-making that affects them.
Question 6
What is the right to land?
(A) The right of indigenous peoples to own and control their traditional lands
(B) The right of indigenous peoples to use their traditional lands for their own purposes
(C) The right of indigenous peoples to be consulted before any development takes place on their traditional lands
(D) All of the above
Answer
(D)
The right to land is the right of indigenous peoples to own and control their traditional lands. It also includes the right to use their traditional lands for their own purposes and to be consulted before any development takes place on their traditional lands.
Question 7
What is the right to culture?
(A) The right of indigenous peoples to maintain their traditional culture
(B) The right of indigenous peoples to express their culture
(C) The right of indigenous peoples to participate in the development of their culture
(D) All of the above
Answer
(D)
The right to culture is the right of indigenous peoples to maintain their traditional culture. It also includes the right to express their culture and to participate in the development of their culture.
Question 8
What is the right to education?
(A) The right of indigenous children to have access to education in their own language
(B) The right of indigenous children to have access to education that respects their culture
(C) The right of indigenous children to have access to education that prepares them for life in both their own communities and the wider society
(D) All of the above
Answer
(D)
The right to education is the right of indigenous children to have access to education in their own language. It also includes the right of indigenous children to have access to education that respects their culture and that prepares them for life in both their own communities and the wider society.
Question 9
What is the right to health?
(A) The right of indigenous