Tamil Nadu Human Development Index

Tamil Nadu Human Development index

Human development is a process of enlarging people’s choices. But human development is also the objective, so it is both a process and an outcome.
Human development implies that people must influence the processes that shape their lives. In all this, economic Growth is an important means to human development, but not the end.
Human development is the development of the people through building human capabilities, by the people through active participation in the processes that shape their lives and for the people by improving their lives.
It is broader than other approaches, such as the human resource approach, the basic needs approach and the human welfare approach.
The composite Human Development Index (HDI) integrates three basic dimensions of human development. Life expectancy at birth reflects the ability to lead a long and healthy life. Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling reflect the ability to acquire knowledge. And gross NATIONAL INCOME per capita reflects the ability to achieve a decent standard of living
To measure human development more comprehensively, the Human Development Report also presents four other composite indices.
The Inequality-adjusted HDI Discounts the HDI according to the extent of inequality. The Gender Development Index compares female and male HDI values.
The Gender Inequality Index highlights Women’s Empowerment. And the Multidimensional POVERTY Index measures nonincome dimensions of poverty

Human development—a people-centred approach

Human development is about acquiring more capabilities and enjoying more opportunities to use those capabilities. With more capabilities and opportunities, people have more choices, and expanding choices is at the core of the human development approach. But human development is also a process.
Anchored in Human Rights, it is linked to human security. And its ultimate objective is to enlarge human freedoms. Human development is development of the people through the building of human Resources, for the people through the translation of development benefits in their lives and by the people through active participation in the processes that influence and shape their lives.
Income is a means to human development but not an end in itself. The human development approach in the 1990 Human Development Report also introduced a composite index, the Human Development Index (HDI), for assessing achievements in the basic dimensions of human development. Those dimensions of human development are to lead a long and healthy life, measured by life expectancy at birth; to acquire knowledge, measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and to achieve a decent standard of living, measured by gross national income per capita.

Life Expectancy at Birth

The indicator of life expectancy at birth is used to measure the realised achievement in the Health dimension, that is, ‘to be able to live a long life’.
The life expectancy at birth denotes the number of years that a child can expect to live at the time of birth, given the agespecific mortality rates in the Population.
The life expectancy, however, is an indicator of very long-term improvement in health.

Mean Years of Schooling

Mean Years of Schooling (MYS) is one of the two indicators used to measure educational achievement in HDRs by UNDP.
It replaced the Literacy rate as an indicator under the Education dimension in 2010. MYS indicates the Average number of completed years of education of a country’s population.
Usually, MYS is estimated for populations aged 25 years and older, which is also the indicator used in the calculation of the HDI by UNDP

Expected Years of Schooling

EYS is a measure of the number of years of schooling a child at the start of his or her education is expected to receive, if current rates of enrolment are maintained throughout the child’s life.

Income Per Capita

Income per capita is considered as an ‘indirect’ indicator of human development. The first HDR of UNDP (1990) observes that an indicator of ‘command over resources needed for a decent living’ requires data on access to land, credit, income and other sources.
In 2010, instead of GDP per capita, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is taken as the indicator.
For allowing cross-country comparison, the GNI per capita of the countries was adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) ratios.

Facts Related to Tamil Nadu

EMPLOYMENT, Income and Poverty Employment Trends

Bulk of the increase in income from Industry is from construction sector. So is the bulk of employment
Only State other than Gujarat where the share of registered manufacturing has increased by more than two Percentage points.
Only State where the share of construction in the State income has increased

District Level Poverty and Incomes

High income districts like Kanyakumari and Erode have more than three times the incomes of low income districts like Ariyalur and Perambalur.
Other low income districts like Villupuram, Thiruvannamalai, Theni and Thiruvarur have per capita incomes less than half of highest income districts.
Some overlap is seen between the share of agricultural labourers in the district and the extent of rural poverty in Thiruvannamalai, Thiruvarur, Cuddalore, Ariyalur, Villupuram and Nagapattinam.

Literacy and Education

Total literacy rate in Tamil Nadu has shown an increasing trend over the years, increasing from 62.66% in 1991 to 80.33% in 2011.
The dropout rates of different categories of students show a downward trend. SC students have comparatively lower dropout rates
The improvement in the dropout rates could be attributed to the various State’s welfare programs
Both completion and repetition rates have improved over time for both boys and girls and across categories
Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE, School quality accompanied by improved outcome (pass percentages)

Higher Education

Gross Enrollment Rate is in higher education is 43% (2013-14)
Tamil Nadu ranks first among all Indian States in context of the number of universities, Technical universities. Colleges are dominated by the Private Unaided colleges, forming 88.5% of all colleges in the State
Massive expansion with regard to technical education over the decade (2001-2011)
Parallel to the case of engineering education, we can find a private sector led rapid expansion of the medical education too.
The State Skill development Mission (TNSDM) acts as a single agency to conduct training programs for qualifications up to 12th std. and accredits training Institutions.
The Community College promotes job-oriented, work related, skill-based and life-coping education.

Standard of living: Per Capita Income

Top 5 – Kanyakumari, Kancheepuram, Tiruppur, Virudhunagar, Tiruvallur
Bottom 5-Ariyalur, Perambalur, Thiruvarur, Villupuram, Theni

Life Expectancy at Birth

Top 5 –Chennai, Kanyakumari, Coimbatore, Thoothukudi, Krishnagiri
Bottom 5-Tiruppur, The Nilgiris, Theni, Nagapattinam, Madurai

Literacy Rate

Top 5 – Kanyakumari, Chennai, Thoothukudi, The Nilgiris, Kancheepuram
Bottom 5-Dharmapuri, Ariyalur, Villupuram, Erode, Salem

GER- Primary

Top 5 -The Nilgiris, Ramanathapuram, Perambalur, Pudukottai, Tiruvarur
Bottom 5-Tiruppur, Ariyalur, Chennai, Tiruvanamalai, Cuddalore

GER – Secondary

Top 5 –Dharmapuri, Nagapattinam, Perambalur, Thanjavur, Krishnagiri
Bottom 5-Erode, Karur, Villupuram, Chennai, Tiruvanamalai

Conclusion of State HDI

Progress made in the State has been accompanied by demographic changes, along with improvements in literacy levels and reductions in total fertility rate.
In addition to core human development parameters, the inter-district variations across other critical parameters for ensuring sustained improvements in overall well-being such as gender inequality, child development, multidimensional poverty and Food Security indices.
Districts like Kanyakumari, Thoothukudi and Coimbatore seem to be faring well in many of the indices, while those like Ariyalur, Perambalur and Villupuram perform poorly.
Although some marginal changes are observed over time with the inclusion of Virudhunagar district in the top five districts, regional variations have more or less persisted over the decade.
Despite sustained overall improvements, the chapter observes sharp inter-district differences across various dimensions of human development.
Some of the districts with low levels of human development also rank low across other indices.
Gender inequalities in well-being persist in the State across all three dimensions.
Despite being one of the better performing states in terms of human development, there are significant inter-district and intra-district disparities even in the high HDI districts.

21st century skills

Ways of thinking

Tools for working

Ways of working

Skills for living in the world

Creativity

Critical thinking

Problem solving

DECISION MAKING Learning

Communication-technology/”>Information and communication technology Information literacy

Communication Collaboration

Citizenship-2/”>Citizenship

Life and career Personal and social responsibility

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country’s HDI value is a summary measure of its achievements in key areas of human development. The HDI is used to rank countries and track their progress over time.

The HDI was developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990. The HDI is based on the following three indicators:

Life expectancy at birth: This indicator measures the average number of years that a newborn is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply.
Mean years of schooling: This indicator measures the average number of years of schooling that a person has completed, regardless of age.
Expected years of schooling: This indicator measures the average number of years of schooling that a child of school age is expected to complete in the future.
Gross national income per capita (GNI): This indicator measures the total income earned by a country’s citizens, divided by the country’s population.

The HDI is calculated as a geometric mean of the three indicators, with each indicator given equal weight. The HDI is then ranked on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 being the highest possible value.

In 2020, Tamil Nadu had an HDI value of 0.721, which ranked it 13th out of 36 states and union territories in India. Tamil Nadu’s HDI value has been increasing steadily over time, from 0.541 in 1990 to 0.721 in 2020. This increase is due to improvements in all three of the HDI indicators.

Life expectancy at birth in Tamil Nadu has increased from 62.5 years in 1990 to 72.1 years in 2020. Mean years of schooling in Tamil Nadu has increased from 5.2 years in 1990 to 10.3 years in 2020. Expected years of schooling in Tamil Nadu has increased from 10.8 years in 1990 to 12.7 years in 2020. GNI per capita in Tamil Nadu has increased from $2,000 in 1990 to $10,000 in 2020.

The HDI inequality-adjusted value is a measure of the HDI that takes into account the distribution of income within a country. The HDI inequality-adjusted value is calculated by adjusting the HDI value for inequality in income. The HDI inequality-adjusted value is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development, just like the HDI.

In 2020, Tamil Nadu had an HDI inequality-adjusted value of 0.667, which ranked it 16th out of 36 states and union territories in India. Tamil Nadu’s HDI inequality-adjusted value is lower than its HDI value, which indicates that income inequality is a problem in Tamil Nadu.

The HDI is a useful tool for measuring and tracking human development. The HDI can be used to compare the level of human development in different countries and to track progress over time. The HDI can also be used to identify areas where there is room for improvement.

The HDI has some limitations. One limitation is that the HDI is based on a limited number of indicators. Another limitation is that the HDI does not take into account all aspects of human development. Despite these limitations, the HDI is a valuable tool for measuring and tracking human development.

What is the Human Development Index?

What are the components of the Human Development Index?

The HDI is calculated using three indicators: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and expected years of schooling, and per capita income.

What is the difference between the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product?

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of a country’s overall development, while the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a measure of a country’s economic output. The HDI takes into account a country’s health, education, and income, while the GDP only takes into account a country’s economic output.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Human Development Index?

The HDI is a widely used measure of human development, but it has some limitations. One limitation is that the HDI does not take into account inequality within a country. Another limitation is that the HDI does not take into account environmental sustainability.

What are some of the challenges facing human development?

Some of the challenges facing human development include poverty, inequality, Climate change, and conflict.

What are some of the ways to improve human development?

Some of the ways to improve human development include investing in education, healthcare, and infrastructure; promoting Equality/”>Gender Equality; and reducing poverty and inequality.

What is the future of human development?

The future of human development is uncertain. There are many challenges facing human development, but there are also many opportunities to improve human development. The future of human development will depend on the choices that we make today.

The following are multiple choice questions on the topics of human development, the Human Development Index, and the Tamil Nadu Human Development Index.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. The HDI was developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and is published annually as part of the Human Development Report.
The HDI is calculated as a geometric mean of three indices: life expectancy at birth, education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and per capita income. The HDI is a valuable tool for assessing the progress of countries towards achieving human development goals. It can also be used to compare the performance of different countries in terms of human development.
The Tamil Nadu Human Development Index (TNHDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank districts in Tamil Nadu into four tiers of human development. The TNHDI was developed by the Tamil Nadu Planning Commission and is published annually as part of the Tamil Nadu Human Development Report.
The TNHDI is calculated as a geometric mean of three indices: life expectancy at birth, education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and per capita income. The TNHDI is a valuable tool for assessing the progress of districts in Tamil Nadu towards achieving human development goals. It can also be used to compare the performance of different districts in terms of human development.
The following are the five pillars of human development:
Life expectancy at birth: This is a measure of the average number of years that a person is expected to live. It is a good indicator of the health and well-being of a population.
Education: This is a measure of the level of education that a population has attained. It is a good indicator of the knowledge and skills of a population.
Per capita income: This is a measure of the average income of a population. It is a good indicator of the economic well-being of a population.
Gender equality: This is a measure of the equality between men and women in a population. It is a good indicator of the social and political well-being of a population.
Environmental sustainability: This is a measure of the ability of a population to meet its own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a good indicator of the long-term well-being of a population.
The following are the four tiers of the Human Development Index:
Very high human development: This is the highest tier of the HDI. It includes countries with a HDI score of 0.800 or higher.
High human development: This is the second highest tier of the HDI. It includes countries with a HDI score of 0.700 to 0.799.
Medium human development: This is the third highest tier of the HDI. It includes countries with a HDI score of 0.600 to 0.699.
Low human development: This is the lowest tier of the HDI. It includes countries with a HDI score of 0.500 or lower.
The following are the four tiers of the Tamil Nadu Human Development Index:
Very high human development: This is the highest tier of the TNHDI. It includes districts with a TNHDI score of 0.800 or higher.
High human development: This is the second highest tier of the TNHDI. It includes districts with a TNHDI score of 0.700 to 0.799.
Medium human development: This is the third highest tier of the TNHDI. It includes districts with a TNHDI score of 0.600 to 0.699.
Low human development: This is the lowest tier of the TNHDI. It includes districts with a TNHDI score of 0.500 or lower.
The following are the five goals of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education.
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women.
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality.
Goal 5: Improve maternal health.
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability.
Goal 8: Develop a global PARTNERSHIP for development.
The following are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):