Notes and Study material for Exams
Agricultural Marketing in India: Challenges and Opportunities in a Transforming Landscape Introduction Agriculture, the backbone of the Indian economy, employs a significant portion of the workforce and contributes substantially to the national GDP. However, the sector faces numerous challenges, including low productivity, fragmented markets, and inadequate infrastructure. Effective agricultural marketing plays a crucial role in … Read more
Social Audit “Social Auditing is defined as a systematic attempt to identify, analyse, measure (if possible), evaluate, and monitor the effect of an organisation’s operations on Society (that is, specific social groups) and on the public well-being.” Social audit as a term was used as far back as the 1950s. In a nutshell, it refers … Read more
Outcome Budgeting: A Framework for Results-Oriented Public Spending Outcome budgeting is a modern approach to public finance that prioritizes the achievement of desired outcomes over the mere allocation of funds. It shifts the focus from inputs and activities to the impact of public spending on the lives of citizens. This approach aims to improve the … Read more
RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING Responsibility accounting is a management control system based on the principles of delegating and locating responsibility. The authority is delegated on responsibility centre and accounting for the responsibility centre. Responsibility accounting is a system under which managers are given decisions making authority and responsibility for each activity occurring within a specific area of … Read more
Here is a list of subtopics without any description for Types of InvestmentInvestment-modelsInvestment Models: Active investing Asset allocation Behavioral finance Buy and hold Contrarian investing DerivativesDerivatives Efficient market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth investing Index investing Market timing Momentum investing Passive investing Value investing Technical analysis I hope this is helpful! There are many different types … Read more
Utilization of public fund Intergovernmental transfers from the centre to the states takes place through three channels: statutory and other transfers mandated by the Finance Commission, formula-based transfers for State Plan Schemes through the Planning Commission, and other discretionary transfers by the Planning Commission/ various central Ministries. The entire tax sharing is a … Read more
Time and distance Relationship between speed, distance and time Speed = Distance / Time or Distance = Speed × Time Average Speed = 2xy / x+y where x km/hr is a speed for certain distance and y km/hr is a speed at for same distance covered. As we know, Speed = Distance/ Time. … Read more
International and Regional Organisations International Organizations An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two main types: International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include international non-profit organizations and worldwide companies such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement, International Committee of the Red Cross. Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental … Read more
Methods of production and manufacturing Washing soda The chemical name of washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, and its chemical formula is Na2CO3.10H2O. So washing soda is hydrated salt of sodium carbonate containing 10 Molecules of water of crystallization. Sodium carbonate is manufactured by Solvay process. The manufacture of sodium carbonate by Solvay … Read more
Objectivity: Meaning as a Philosophical concept Objectivity, as a method of philosophy, is dependent upon the presupposition distinguishing references in the field of epistemology regarding the ontological status of a possible objective reality, and the state of being objective in regard to references towards whatever is considered as objective reality. In other words, what … Read more