Notes and Study material for Exams
Volcano is a place on the earth’s surface (or any other planet) where molten rock and gases are erupted. or hill or mountain built up by the eruption of molten rock.Volcanic eruptions are caused by magma (a mixture of liquid rock, crystals, and dissolved gas) expelled onto the Earth’s surface. Basaltic magmas tend … Read more
Minerals Minerals are defined as solid, inorganic, naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical formula and general structure. Almost all chemical Elements in the Earth’s crust are associated with at least one mineral. They vary in color, hardness, density, crystal form, crystal size, transparency, composition, location, and abundance. Some minerals are radioactive (uranophane), while others … Read more
Earthquakes occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released. This release of energy causes intense ground shaking in the area near the source of the earthquake and sends waves of elastic energy, called seismic waves, throughout the Earth. Earthquakes can be generated by bomb blasts, volcanic eruptions, sudden volume changes in … Read more
Bureau of Indian Standards , based on the past seismic history, grouped the country into four seismic zones, viz. Zone-II, -III, -IV and –V. Of these, Zone V is the most seismically active region, while zone II is the least. The Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity, which measures the impact of the Earthquakes on the surface of the … Read more
–2/”>a >DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”> : Types, distribution and their impact:- Earthquake:- The study of seismic waves provides a complete picture of the layered interior. An earthquake in simple words is shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused due to release of energy, which generates waves … Read more
Earthquakes and INFRASTRUCTURE, and it can also cause landslides and liquefaction. Tsunamis, which are large waves caused by earthquakes, can also cause widespread damage. Volcanoes are formed when magma, or molten rock, rises to the surface of the Earth. Magma can rise to the surface through cracks in the Earth’s crust, or it can erupt … Read more
Most of the knowledge we have about Earth’s deep interior comes from the fact that seismic waves penetrate the Earth and are recorded on the other side. Earthquake ray paths and arrival times are more complex than illustrated in the animations, because velocity in the Earth does not simply increase with depth. Velocities generally … Read more
Understanding Earthquakes: A Comprehensive Guide Earthquakes, those sudden and often violent shifts in the Earth’s crust, are a powerful reminder of the dynamic nature of our planet. These seismic events can cause widespread devastation, leaving behind shattered landscapes, collapsed buildings, and a trail of human suffering. Yet, understanding earthquakes is crucial not only for mitigating … Read more
Volcanic Lakes: Jewels of the Earth’s Fiery Past Volcanic lakes, shimmering oases nestled within the craters and calderas of extinct or dormant volcanoes, are captivating natural wonders. These bodies of water, born from the fiery crucible of volcanic activity, hold a unique allure, captivating both scientists and adventurers alike. Their formation, characteristics, and ecological significance … Read more
Tectonic Lakes: A Legacy of Earth’s Shifting Plates The Earth’s surface is a dynamic tapestry, constantly reshaped by the relentless forces of plate tectonics. These movements, driven by the heat within the planet’s core, create a myriad of geological features, including mountains, volcanoes, and, importantly, lakes. Tectonic lakes, formed by the direct influence of tectonic … Read more