Notes and Study material for Exams
E — WASTE E-Waste is not hazardous if it is stocked in safe storage or recycled by scientific methods or transported from one place to the other in parts or in totality in the formal sector. The e-waste can be considered hazardous if recycled by primitive methods Survey was carried out by the Central Pollution … Read more
Bridging the Gap: The Vital Role of Agriculture Extension Services in Modern Farming Agriculture, the backbone of many economies, faces a multitude of challenges in the 21st century. From climate change and resource scarcity to market volatility and evolving consumer demands, farmers need access to knowledge, technology, and support to navigate these complexities and ensure … Read more
Participatory Conservation of Lakes in the Region: A Collaborative Approach to Sustainable Management Introduction Lakes are vital ecosystems that provide numerous benefits to humans, including drinking water, food, recreation, and aesthetic value. However, they are facing increasing threats from pollution, overfishing, invasive species, and climate change. These threats can lead to degradation of water quality, … Read more
MNREGA and community power structure Several rural development programmes were initiated in India during 1950s and 1960s. These programmes, popularly known as community development programmes, regarded rural people as beneficiaries but not participants in the development process. They were centrally designed and were implemented by extension agents using a top-down mode of decision-making. Those agents … Read more
Participatory Guarantee Scheme (PGS): Putting Farmers at the Helm of Organic Certification Introduction The global demand for organic products is steadily increasing, driven by growing consumer awareness of the environmental and health benefits associated with organic farming practices. This surge in demand has led to a parallel rise in organic certification, a process that ensures … Read more
Enhancing Governance: Capacity Development of Local Bodies Introduction Local bodies, encompassing municipalities, district councils, and other forms of decentralized governance, play a crucial role in delivering public services, promoting economic development, and fostering citizen participation. Their effectiveness hinges on their capacity to perform these functions efficiently and effectively. However, many local bodies face significant challenges … Read more
Exploring the Dimensions of Governance: A Comprehensive Guide Governance, a multifaceted concept encompassing the structures, processes, and actors involved in governing a society, organization, or system, plays a crucial role in shaping our world. From the global stage of international relations to the microcosm of a local community, governance impacts our lives in profound ways. … Read more
Democracy: Direct and Indirect Democracy in modern usage, is a System of Government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament. Democracy is sometimes referred to as “rule of the majority”. Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes … Read more
Climate change is inevitable. The best strategy to deal with Climate Change is adoption of practices to make our farming more resilient. ICAR has launched a Network of project called NICRA. It stands for National innovation on climate resilient agriculture. The salient features of NICRA are as follows: It takes into account the critical … Read more