Notes and Study material for Exams
Immunization Programme in India was introduced in 1978 as ‘Expanded Programme of Immunization’ (EPI) by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. In 1985, the programme was modified as ‘Universal Immunization Programme’ (UIP) to be implemented in phased manner to cover all districts in the country by 1989-90 with the one of … Read more
Central and State Government Privileges Section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act Evidence as to affairs of State: No one shall be permitted to give any evidence derived from unpublished official records relating to any affairs of State, except with the permission of the officer at the head of the department concerned, who … Read more
Understanding the Complex World of Taxes: A Comprehensive Guide to Types of Taxes Taxes are an integral part of modern society, serving as the primary source of revenue for governments to fund public services, infrastructure, and social programs. From the moment we earn our first paycheck to the time we purchase a new car, taxes … Read more
The Pillars of India’s Economic Landscape: Exploring the Sectors of the Indian Economy India, a nation of diverse landscapes and vibrant cultures, is also a dynamic economic powerhouse. Its economy, a complex tapestry woven from various sectors, is undergoing a rapid transformation, striving to achieve sustainable growth and improve the lives of its citizens. Understanding … Read more
INFRASTRUCTURE Debt Funds In Sept 2011, RBI issued guidelines for permitting banks and NBFCs to set up IDFs to help meet long term financing for the sector IDFs would be set up either as MFs or NBFCs NBFC sponsoring IDF-MF should have a minimum net owned funds of Rs 300 crore and CAR of 15 … Read more
The Indra Sawhney Case: A Landmark Judgment Shaping India’s Affirmative Action Landscape The Indra Sawhney case, formally known as Indra Sawhney & Ors. v. Union of India, stands as a landmark judgment in Indian constitutional law, profoundly impacting the nation’s affirmative action policies. This 1992 Supreme Court ruling addressed the complex issue of reservations for … Read more
Tribal Welfare Administration, Tribal sub plan and Single line administration in Himachal Pradesh The tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh though sparsely populated continue to receive special attention of the State Government primarily on account of their strategic location and comparative backwardness. The Tribal Sub Plan was started in 1974-75 in the State and entire tribal … Read more
The Complex Dance of Fiscal Federalism: Understanding Article 270 and the Distribution of Taxes in India India’s federal structure, enshrined in its Constitution, necessitates a complex system of revenue sharing between the central government (Centre) and the state governments. This intricate dance of fiscal federalism is governed by Article 270 of the Constitution, which outlines … Read more
The 97th Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2011: A Landmark Step Towards Inclusive Representation The 97th Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2011, stands as a pivotal moment in India’s constitutional journey, marking a significant stride towards ensuring inclusive representation in the political sphere. This amendment, popularly known as the “National Food Security Act Amendment,” introduced a crucial provision that … Read more
Central Government The executive powers of the President are exercised by the Council of Ministers. The Constitution provides that “there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President in the excercise of his functions”. Here the word “shall” indicates that the President cannot function … Read more