Notes and Study material for Exams
–2/”>a >DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”> – Bottom Relief Four major divisions can easily be identified on the ocean floor: The continental shelf, the continental slope, the continental rise, the abyssal plain. Besides these, there are many associated features—ridges, hills, seamounts, guyots, trenches, canyons, sleeps, fracture zones, island arcs, atolls, coral reefs, … Read more
The Unsung Heroes of the Ocean: A Deep Dive into Seagrass Seagrass, often overlooked and underestimated, plays a vital role in the health and well-being of our oceans. These underwater meadows, composed of flowering plants adapted to live submerged in saltwater, are far more than just pretty green carpets on the seafloor. They are crucial … Read more
The Dynamic Duo: Temperature and Density in the Ocean The ocean, a vast and mysterious realm, is a complex system driven by a delicate interplay of forces. Among these forces, temperature and density play a crucial role, shaping the ocean’s circulation, influencing marine life, and impacting global climate. This article delves into the intricate relationship … Read more
Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microbes or the living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. These living things can be seen only with the use of a Microscope. These life forms are called Microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, viruses, protozoa, microscopic Fungi and yeasts, … Read more
Fresh water Ecosystems– The salt content of fresh bodies is very low, always less than 5 ppt (parts per thousand). E.g lakes, ponds, pools, springs, streams, and rivers Marine ecosystems – the water bodies containing salt concentration equal to or above that of sea water (i.e., 35 ppt or above). E.g shallow seas and … Read more
The California Current: A Vital Lifeline for the Pacific Coast The California Current, a cold, nutrient-rich current that flows southward along the western coast of North America, is a vital component of the Pacific Ocean’s ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in shaping the climate, influencing marine life, and supporting a thriving fishing industry. This … Read more
The Benguela Current: A Lifeline and a Threat The Benguela Current, a cold, nutrient-rich current flowing northward along the western coast of southern Africa, is a vital ecosystem and a significant driver of the region’s climate and economy. This powerful current, one of the four major eastern boundary upwelling systems in the world, plays a … Read more
What is desalination? Desalination is the process of removing salt from seawater to make it drinkable. It is a vital process in many parts of the world where fresh water is scarce. Water Scarcity Context Types of Desalination Technologies Thermal Processes Membrane Processes Energy Requirements Brine Disposal and Environmental Impacts Costs and Economic Considerations Current … Read more
The Silent Epidemic: Diseases Caused by Environmental Degradation The Earth, our home, is facing a multitude of environmental challenges, from climate change to pollution and deforestation. These challenges are not just abstract concepts; they have a direct and devastating impact on human health, leading to a silent epidemic of diseases caused by environmental degradation. This … Read more
The East Australian Current: A Lifeline for Life and a Force of Change The East Australian Current (EAC), a powerful, warm ocean current flowing southward along Australia’s east coast, is a vital component of the region’s marine ecosystem and a significant driver of climate patterns. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of the EAC, … Read more