Notes and Study material for Exams
The Unseen Force: Exploring the World of Secondary Winds The Earth’s atmosphere is a dynamic system, constantly in motion, driven by the uneven distribution of solar energy. This movement manifests in various forms, from the gentle breeze to the ferocious hurricane. While primary winds, like the trade winds and westerlies, are often discussed, a lesser-known … Read more
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act: A Landmark Step Towards Decentralization in India The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 stands as a pivotal moment in the evolution of Indian governance, ushering in a new era of decentralized power and participatory democracy. This landmark legislation, along with its accompanying legislation, the Panchayati Raj Act of 1992, … Read more
Direct Democracy: Empowering the People or Eroding Governance? Direct democracy, the concept of citizens directly participating in decision-making, has long been a cornerstone of democratic ideals. From ancient Athenian assemblies to modern referendums, the idea of giving power to the people has captivated thinkers and activists alike. But as the world grapples with complex challenges … Read more
Sources of Funds The Amendments left important matters such as implementation, service delivery (including local capacity building) and transfer of responsibilities and powers to rural local bodies at the discretion of the state legislatures. Consequently, while expenditure responsibilities of local bodies are extensively enhanced, there is no law to ensure a corresponding assignment of funds … Read more
Religious beliefs and practices, recreation and amusement of Himachal Pradesh Religious practices of himachal pradesh For thousands of years Indians, especially the Hindus, have looked upon the mighty Himalayas with awe and reverence. For them it is the abode of the gods. There Shiva, the great god of destruction, sat in deep meditation until ‘Parvati’, … Read more
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Agenda 21: A Blueprint for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century Introduction Agenda 21, a comprehensive blueprint for sustainable development, emerged from the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, also known as the Earth Summit. This landmark document, adopted by 178 nations, laid out a framework for achieving … Read more
–2/”>a >DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”> Ever since India got freedom in 1947, efforts have been made to strengthen the Panchayati Raj system to create, in the rural people a sense of participation in the nation-building programme. ARTICLE 40 under Directive Principles of State Policy of the Constitution directs the state … Read more
The Gatekeepers of Public Service: A Deep Dive into Public Service Commissions Public service commissions (PSCs) are often the unsung heroes of government, playing a crucial role in ensuring a competent and qualified workforce for the public sector. These independent bodies are responsible for a wide range of functions, from recruitment and selection to disciplinary … Read more
The Urban Local Bodies: Pillars of Urban Governance in India India’s urban landscape is undergoing a rapid transformation, driven by a burgeoning population and economic growth. This dynamic shift necessitates robust and efficient urban governance structures to manage the challenges and opportunities presented by urbanization. At the heart of this governance framework lie the Urban … Read more