Notes and Study material for Exams
The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1986 to promote the sustainable management of tropical forests. It is made up of 75 member countries, including 59 tropical timber producing countries and 16 consuming countries. The ITTO’s main objectives are to: Promote the conservation and sustainable management of tropical forests; Increase … Read more
Navigating the Global Landscape: A Guide to International Organization Partnerships In today’s interconnected world, collaboration is key to addressing complex global challenges. International organizations (IOs) play a crucial role in facilitating this collaboration, providing platforms for dialogue, resource mobilization, and coordinated action. For individuals, businesses, and governments alike, partnering with IOs can unlock a wealth … Read more
The Ramsar Convention: A Global Treaty for Wetland Conservation The world’s wetlands are facing unprecedented threats. From habitat loss and degradation to pollution and climate change, these vital ecosystems are under immense pressure. Recognizing the critical importance of wetlands for biodiversity, human well-being, and the planet’s health, the international community came together in 1971 to … Read more
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement that was adopted on 29 October 2010 at the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 10) … Read more
Agenda 21: A Blueprint for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century Introduction Agenda 21, a comprehensive blueprint for sustainable development, emerged from the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, also known as the Earth Summit. This landmark document, adopted by 178 nations, laid out a framework for achieving … Read more
Lighting A Billion Lives: Illuminating the Path to Sustainable Development Introduction The world is facing a multitude of challenges, from climate change and poverty to inequality and access to basic services. One of the most fundamental needs for human development is access to reliable and affordable energy. In the absence of electricity, billions of people … Read more
The Legacy of the 1988 National Forest Policy: A Critical Assessment of its Achievements The National Forest Policy of 1988, a landmark legislation in India’s environmental history, aimed to address the pressing issue of deforestation and promote sustainable forest management. This policy, with its ambitious goals and comprehensive approach, has left an indelible mark on … Read more
The Green Climate Fund: A Vital Tool in the Fight Against Climate Change The world is facing a climate crisis. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and rising sea levels are already impacting communities around the globe, and the situation is only expected to worsen without decisive action. To address this urgent challenge, international cooperation is … Read more
The Least Developed Countries Fund: A Lifeline for the World’s Most Vulnerable The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) face a unique set of challenges. They are often characterized by poverty, limited human capital, weak infrastructure, and vulnerability to climate change. These factors hinder their economic development and trap them in a cycle of poverty. To address … Read more
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a financial mechanism established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to support developing countries in their climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. The GCF is governed by a board of 24 members, including 16 developing countries and 8 developed countries. The GCF has a total … Read more