Notes and Study material for Exams
Narration (Direct- indirect speech) General Rules [i]Assertive Sentence or Statement 1. If the reporting verb is in the present or future Tense, the tense in the Reported speech is not changed. (a)Direct: Nabil says, “I am fine.” Indirect: Nabil says that he is fine. (b)Direct: The man says, “I shall do it.” … Read more
Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization was the first major civilization in south Asia, which spread across a vast area of land in present day India and Pakistan (around 12 lakh sq.km). The time period of mature Indus Valley Civilization is estimated between BC. 2700- BC.1900 i.e. for 800 years. But early … Read more
COST OF CAPITAL The primary meaning of cost of capital is simply the cost an entity must pay to raise funds. The term can refer, for instance, to the financing cost (interest rate) a company pays when securing a loan. In other words, Cost of capital refers to the opportunity cost of making a specific Investment. It is the rate … Read more
Corporate governance Need of corporate governance Over the last two decades, corporate governance has attracted a great deal of public interest because of its apparent importance for the economic Health of corporations and Society in general. The headlines of the previous two years in particular portrayed a sad story of corporate ethics (or … Read more
Evolution of Indian Constitution Although the systems of ancient India do have their reflections in the Constitutions of India, the Direct Sources of the Constitution lie in the administrative and legislative developments of the British period. Regulating Act of 1773 This Act was based on the report of a committee headed by the … Read more
Audit and accounting: Auditing is defined as the systematic and independent assessment and examination of data, statement, records, operations and performance, financial or otherwise of an enterprise. Objectives of Auditing: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Examining the system of Internal check Checking arithmetical accuracy of books of accounts Verifying the authenticity and validity of transactions. Checking the … Read more
AUDITING Auditing is the on-site verification activity, such as inspection or examination, of a process or quality system, to ensure compliance to requirements. An audit can apply to an entire organization or might be specific to a function, process, or production step. Meaning of Auditing: Auditing is an examination … Read more
State and non-State actors in creating challenges to Internal Security India was partitioned in the backdrop of large-scale communal riots, but the partition of the country on religious lines, without taking into consideration its multiple identities, instead of bringing the communal tensions down, in fact, worsened the situation. The two-nation theory created Pakistan, and it … Read more
India has a well developed Taxation structure. The tax system in India is mainly a three tier system which is based between the Central, State Governments and the Local Government organizations. In most cases, these local bodies include the local councils and the municipalities. According to the Constitution of India, the government has the right … Read more
Public expenditure is spending made by the government of a country on collective needs and wants such as pension, provision,