Notes and Study material for Exams
An increase in the Average temperature of Earth’s near surface air and Oceans since the mid-20thcentury 4thassessment report of IPCC: global temperature increased 74+18 degree C during the 20thcentury. Caused by greenhouse gases Water vapour, Co2, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, CFCs (in order of abundance) Since the Industrial revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has increased … Read more
The Indian constitution provides for a federal framework with powers (legislative ,executive and financial) divided between the center and the states. However, there is no division of judicial power as the constitution has established an Integrated Judicial System to enforce both the central laws as well as state law. The Indian federation is not the … Read more
The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s Atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. It is the process by which radiation from a planet’s atmosphere warms the planet’s surface to a … Read more
Inter-State Water Disputes Tribunals Introduction Water is a precious resource that is essential for life. It is also a finite resource, and as the world’s population continues to grow, the demand for water will only increase. This is leading to increased competition for water resources, both within and between countries. In India, there are a … Read more
Allocation of Taxing Powers Taxation is a fundamental part of government. It is how governments raise the revenue they need to provide essential services, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. The allocation of taxing powers is therefore a critical issue. In most countries, the power to tax is shared between the central government and subnational … Read more
The Indian Constitution is a federal document that divides power between the central government and the state governments. The Constitution also provides for a number of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch of government becomes too powerful. The federal features of the Indian Constitution can be divided into three categories: Division of … Read more
Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure A federal system of government is one in which power is shared between a central government and regional governments. This can be a complex system to manage, and there are a number of issues and challenges that can arise. One of the biggest challenges is ensuring that … Read more
Inter-State Council The Inter-State Council (ISC) is a body constituted by the Constitution of India to promote inter-state co-operation and to resolve disputes between states. The ISC is chaired by the Prime Minister of India and has the Chief Ministers of all states as its members. The ISC also has a few Union Ministers as … Read more
Cooperative and Competitive Federalism Introduction Federalism is a system of government in which power is shared between a central government and regional governments. In the United States, the federal government is responsible for matters such as national defense, foreign policy, and interstate commerce, while the states are responsible for matters such as education, healthcare, and … Read more
Legislative Relations- Centre-State Relations Introduction The legislative relations between the central government and the state governments in India are governed by the Constitution of India. The Constitution provides for a federal system of government, in which power is shared between the central government and the state governments. The central government has exclusive powers over certain … Read more