Notes and Study material for Exams
PDCA Cycle Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) is a well-known and respected approach to helping teams plan and implement a solution to a problem, often testing it on a micro scale and reviewing the results before agreeing how to proceed. PDCA encourages an engaged, problem-solving workforce – the method is not limited to managers, but … Read more
Outcome Budgeting: A Framework for Results-Oriented Public Spending Outcome budgeting is a modern approach to public finance that prioritizes the achievement of desired outcomes over the mere allocation of funds. It shifts the focus from inputs and activities to the impact of public spending on the lives of citizens. This approach aims to improve the … Read more
Development is the end result of Public Administration. The paradigm of development is depending on the nature of government and its policies. It may be ideologically driven or ethically motivated. It strips off the orthodox structuralism of public administration as put forward by classical Administrative theorists and attempts to cater the emerging need of a … Read more
Methods of production and manufacturing Washing soda The chemical name of washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, and its chemical formula is Na2CO3.10H2O. So washing soda is hydrated salt of sodium carbonate containing 10 Molecules of water of crystallization. Sodium carbonate is manufactured by Solvay process. The manufacture of sodium carbonate by Solvay … Read more
Foundational Values for civil Services Values are the standards on which, we evaluate things. For every situation we don’t have time to ‘test’ the case on ethics theories such as utilitarianism. Values provide time saving short-cut in such situation. Under New public management (NPM), the concept of public services is fast changing. Bureaucrat has become … Read more
Ethics in Public Administration In the public sector, ethics addresses the fundamental premise of a public administrator’s duty as a “steward” to the public. In other words, it is the moral justification and consideration for decisions and actions made during the completion of daily duties when working to provide the general Services of … Read more