Notes and Study material for Exams
Cooperative Banks: A Model of Financial Inclusion and Community Empowerment Cooperative banks, often referred to as credit unions, are financial institutions owned and controlled by their members. They operate on the principle of “people helping people,” prioritizing the needs of their members over profit maximization. This unique structure fosters a strong sense of community and … Read more
The reputation and success of governance depends upon the conduct of public functionaries and what the public believe about their conduct. It is therefore of fundamental importance that public functionaries act justly and fairly to all, not only paying lip service to ethical conduct but also ensuring that these are manifestly and undoubtedly seen to … Read more
The Indian constitution originally provided 7 categories of Fundamental Rights. But one fundamental right, that to property was removed from the list of fundamental rights by 44th amendment. Right to Property now is an ordinary legal right. Thus there are now 6 categories of fundamental rights. These are: (1) Right to Equality (Arts. 14-18). In … Read more
Multiculturalism Multiculturalism means the co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviours, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles. The idea of multiculturalism in contemporary political discourse and in political philosophy is about how to understand and respond to the … Read more
Navigating the Maze: A Comprehensive Guide to State Services In the tapestry of modern society, state services play a crucial role in ensuring the well-being and prosperity of its citizens. From healthcare and education to infrastructure and social welfare, these services form the bedrock upon which individuals and communities thrive. Understanding the complexities of state … Read more
Rural Social system and Rural Development Rural social structure Human world is composed of individuals. Individuals interact with one another for the fulfillment of their needs. In this process, they occupy certain status and roles in social life with accompanying rights and obligations. Their social behaviour is patterned and gets associated with certain … Read more
The Power of Discretionary Grants: A Guide to Securing Funding for Your Project Discretionary grants are a powerful tool for organizations and individuals seeking funding for projects that align with specific goals and priorities. Unlike formula grants, which are awarded based on predetermined criteria and formulas, discretionary grants offer greater flexibility and the opportunity to … Read more
REDD+: A Complex Path Towards Sustainable Forest Conservation Introduction: The world’s forests are facing unprecedented threats from deforestation and degradation, driven by factors like agricultural expansion, illegal logging, and climate change. These threats not only impact biodiversity and ecosystem services but also contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. Recognizing the urgency of this issue, … Read more
wild life management system Limitations to Hunting Legal issues related to hunting are addressed in other parts, such as those on regulation of hunting, on licences and on ownership of wildlife. This section is limited to aspects which are not addressed elsewhere. Among the most common protection rules are those which … Read more
Biodiversity-Defination, types, importance, hotspots, threats and conservation The term biodiversity was coined as a contraction of biological diversity by E.O. Wilson in 1985. Biodiversity may be defined as the variety and variability of living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they exist. In other words, biodiversity is the occurrence of different types … Read more