Number System

 Number system 1. Basic Formulae  (a + b)(a – b) = (a2 – b2) (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab) (a – b)2 = (a2 + b2 – 2ab) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2) (a3 – b3) = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2) (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac) When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc   2. Types of Numbers I. Natural Numbers Counting numbers 1,2,3,4,5,…1,2,3,4,5,… are called natural numbers   … Read more

Advanced Pricing Agreements

Navigating the Complexities of Advanced Pricing Agreements (APAs) The globalized nature of modern business has led to an increasing complexity in international tax matters. Multinational corporations (MNCs) often face challenges in determining the appropriate transfer pricing for transactions between their subsidiaries in different countries. This can lead to disputes with tax authorities, resulting in costly … Read more

concept of VAT

VAT is a multi-stage tax levied at each stage of the value addition chain, with a provision to allow input tax credit (ITC) on tax paid at an earlier stage, which can be appropriated against the VAT liability on subsequent sale. VAT is intended to tax every stage of sale where some value is added … Read more

DNA Structure & Function, DNAReplication,

DNA: STRUCTURE   DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the … Read more

Quick Revision- pH scale and its day to day application

Quick Revision Topic:                pH scale and its day to day application   Definition:                  pH scale is the scale developed to measure the concentration of Hydrogen ion in a solution. Here ‘p’ in pH implies ‘potenz’ in german. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. for Acidic solution pH is less than 7 and … Read more

Alkalization

The Alkaline Diet: Fact or Fiction? A Deep Dive into Alkalization and Its Impact on Health The concept of “alkalizing” your body has gained significant traction in recent years, with proponents touting it as a panacea for a wide range of health issues. From weight loss and increased energy to cancer prevention and improved athletic … Read more

General Anti-Avoidance Rules(GAAR)

Navigating the Labyrinth: A Comprehensive Guide to General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) The pursuit of tax efficiency is a natural instinct for individuals and businesses alike. However, this pursuit can sometimes lead to the creation of complex and artificial arrangements solely designed to minimize tax liability. To counter such practices and ensure a fair and equitable … Read more

Acids And Bases

 Acid An acid is a substance which forms H+ ions as the only positive ion in aqueous solution. Examples:- Hydrochloric acid dissolved in water forms H+ and Cl– ions   HCl —> H+ + Cl–   Sulphuric acid dissolved in water forms H+ and SO42- ions   H2SO4 —>2H+ + SO42-   Nitric acid forms H+ and NO3– ions when dissolved in water … Read more

Measurement of physical quantities and system of Units

Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison with a certain basic, arbitrarily chosen, internationally accepted reference standard called unit. The result of a measurement of a physical quantity is expressed by a number (or numerical measure) accompanied by a unit. A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by … Read more