Space Technology and Robotics for RAS/RTS Mains and RAS/RTS Prelims Examination

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European Space Agency (ESA)
Estd. 1975
Intergovernmental organization dedicated to the exploration of space.

Planck (Spacecraft):-Planck is a space observatory designed to observe the universe using high sensitivity and angular resolution. It was launched in 2009. In July 2010, the Planck space satellite released the full map of the entire universe.

Solar Impulse Project:- Solar impulse is a European long range solar powered plane project which aims at circumnavigating the world on a solar powered air plane. In July 2010, the plane completed a 24 hour flight, the first solar plane to do so by using batteries charged during the day to keep it aloft overnight.

Spitzer Space Telescope:- It is an infrared space observatory launched in 2003. It is the fourth and final of NASA’s Great Observations. The other great observatories are:
1. Hubble Space telescope: It is a NASA space telescope launched in 1990 and the first great observatories. It is one of the largest and most versatile space telescopes. It was built by NASA with contributions from the European Space Agency and is operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute.
2. Compton Gamma Ray Observatory: Launched in 1991 and was deorbited in 2000.
3. Chandra X-ray Observatory: It is a satellite launched by NASA in 1999. Chandra is sensitive X-ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X-ray telescope.

NowCast:-It is a weather predicting device that is used to predict a few hours ahead in specific localities. The device was used in the Common Wealth Games 2010 in New Delhi to predict weather over each stadium.

Water on Moon:-India’s Chandrayan had discovered water on the surface of moon. The matter was re-confirmed by the US Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) in 2009. It sent a spent rocket upper stage crashing on the moon’s South Pole and another rocket behind studied the debris thrown up by it. It showed that the debris matter contained about 5 pc of its weight in the form of ice. This could have an important implication in terms of using it as a space fuel.

Space Technology

Space technology is the application of science and engineering to the development and use of spacecraft, satellites, rockets, and other equipment for the exploration and use of space. It is a rapidly growing field with many exciting new developments on the horizon.

The history of space exploration can be traced back to the early days of human history, when people first began to look up at the stars and wonder what lay beyond. The first recorded instance of space travel was in 1271, when Marco Polo traveled to China and brought back reports of a flying machine that he had seen there. In the 17th century, Isaac Newton developed the laws of motion and gravity, which laid the foundation for modern rocketry. In the 19th century, Jules Verne wrote several novels about space travel, including “From the Earth to the Moon” and “Around the Moon.”

The first successful rocket launch was in 1926, when Robert Goddard launched a liquid-fueled rocket in Auburn, Massachusetts. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. This event sparked the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union, which led to the development of many new technologies, including the first manned spaceflight in 1961.

In the 1960s, the United States also landed the first humans on the Moon. This was a major achievement for humanity and showed the potential of space technology. Since then, there have been many other successful space missions, including the development of the International Space Station.

Space technology is used for a variety of purposes, including communications, navigation, weather forecasting, and Earth observation. It is also used for scientific research, such as studying the Atmosphere and The Solar System. Space technology is also used for military purposes, such as surveillance and missile defense.

The future of space technology is very promising. There are many new developments on the horizon, such as the development of reusable rockets, the exploration of Mars, and the development of Artificial Intelligence for space applications. Space technology is a rapidly growing field with many exciting new possibilities.

Robotics

Robotics is the field of computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. Robots are machines that can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks, including manufacturing, assembly, inspection, and transportation.

The history of robotics can be traced back to the early days of automation, when machines were first developed to perform repetitive tasks. The first robots were simple machines that were controlled by mechanical or electrical switches. In the 1950s, the first programmable robots were developed, which allowed for more complex tasks to be performed.

In the 1960s, the first industrial robots were developed, which were used to automate manufacturing processes. In the 1970s, the first mobile robots were developed, which could move around and perform tasks in a variety of environments. In the 1980s, the first humanoid robots were developed, which were designed to look and move like humans.

Today, robots are used in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and defense. They are also used in a variety of consumer products, such as vacuum cleaners and lawnmowers.

Robotics is a rapidly growing field with many exciting new developments on the horizon. Robots are becoming more and more sophisticated, and they are being used in a wider variety of applications. The future of robotics is very promising, and it is likely that robots will play an increasingly important role in our lives in the years to come.

The following are some of the most common types of robots:

Industrial robots: These robots are used in manufacturing to perform repetitive tasks such as welding, assembly, and painting.
Service robots: These robots are used to perform tasks that are not typically associated with manufacturing, such as cleaning, food service, and security.
Personal robots: These robots are designed for use by individuals, such as vacuum cleaners, lawnmowers, and toys.
Medical robots: These robots are used in healthcare to perform tasks such as surgery, rehabilitation, and diagnostics.
Military robots: These robots are used in warfare to perform tasks such as surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat.

Robots are controlled in a variety of ways, including:

Manual control: This is the simplest type of control, where the robot is operated by a human operator.
Computer control: This type of control uses a computer to control the robot’s movements.
Sensor-based control: This type of control uses sensors to detect the robot’s Environment and to control its movements accordingly.
Artificial intelligence (AI) control: This type of control uses AI to control the robot’s movements.

Robots are used in a variety of applications, including:

Manufacturing: Robots are used in manufacturing

Space Technology

What is space technology?

Space technology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the development and use of spacecraft, satellites, and other equipment for the exploration and use of outer space.

What are the different types of space technology?

There are many different types of space technology, but some of the most common include:

Spacecraft: Vehicles that are designed to travel through space.
Satellites: Objects that are placed in orbit around the Earth or other planets.
Rockets: Vehicles that are used to launch spacecraft and satellites into space.
Telescopes: Instruments that are used to observe objects in space.
Sensors: Devices that are used to collect data about the environment in space.
What are some of the benefits of space technology?

Space technology has many benefits, including:

Improved Communication: Satellites are used to provide communication Services around the world.
Weather forecasting: Satellites are used to collect data about the weather, which helps to improve weather forecasting.
Navigation: Satellites are used to provide navigation services, such as GPS.
Earth observation: Satellites are used to observe the Earth, which can be used for a variety of purposes, such as monitoring environmental changes.
Space exploration: Space technology is used to explore outer space, which has led to many important discoveries.
What are some of the challenges of space technology?

Space technology is a complex and challenging field, and some of the biggest challenges include:

The high cost of space travel: It is very expensive to launch spacecraft and satellites into space.
The harsh environment of space: Space is a very hostile environment, and spacecraft and satellites must be designed to withstand the extreme temperatures, radiation, and vacuum.
The lack of Resources in space: There are very few resources available in space, which makes it difficult to sustain human life and activities in space.

Robotics

What is robotics?

Robotics is the field of engineering that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots.

What are the different types of robots?

There are many different types of robots, but some of the most common include:

Industrial robots: Robots that are used in manufacturing and other industrial applications.
Service robots: Robots that are used to provide services, such as cleaning and security.
Personal robots: Robots that are used for personal use, such as toys and pets.
Medical robots: Robots that are used in medical applications, such as surgery.
What are some of the benefits of robotics?

Robotics has many benefits, including:

Increased productivity: Robots can be used to automate tasks, which can lead to increased productivity.
Improved safety: Robots can be used to perform dangerous or hazardous tasks, which can improve safety for humans.
Reduced costs: Robots can be used to reduce costs, such as labor costs.
Improved quality: Robots can be used to improve the quality of products and services.
What are some of the challenges of robotics?

Robotics is a complex and challenging field, and some of the biggest challenges include:

The high cost of robots: Robots can be very expensive to purchase and maintain.
The lack of skilled workers: There is a shortage of skilled workers in the robotics field.
The ethical implications of robots: There are ethical concerns about the use of robots, such as the potential for robots to be used for harmful purposes.
The impact of robots on jobs: There is concern that robots will lead to job losses, as robots are able to perform many tasks that are currently done by humans.

Which of the following is not a type of space technology?
(A) Satellites
(B) Rockets
(C) Telescopes
(D) Computers
Which of the following is not a type of robotics?
(A) Industrial robots
(B) Service robots
(C) Military robots
(D) Space robots
Which of the following is not a benefit of space technology?
(A) Communication
(B) Navigation
(C) Weather forecasting
(D) agriculture
Which of the following is not a benefit of robotics?
(A) Manufacturing
(B) Healthcare
(C) Mining
(D) Agriculture
Which of the following is the most common type of satellite?
(A) Communication satellite
(B) Weather satellite
(C) Navigation satellite
(D) Earth observation satellite
Which of the following is the most common type of rocket?
(A) Launch vehicle
(B) Space probe
(C) Satellite launcher
(D) Missile
Which of the following is the most common type of telescope?
(A) Optical telescope
(B) Radio telescope
(C) X-ray telescope
(D) Gamma-ray telescope
Which of the following is the most common type of computer?
(A) Personal computer
(B) Laptop computer
(C) Tablet computer
(D) Smartphone
Which of the following is the most common type of industrial robot?
(A) Programmable logic controller
(B) Robot arm
(C) Automated guided vehicle
(D) SCARA robot
Which of the following is the most common type of service robot?
(A) Vacuum cleaner robot
(B) Lawnmower robot
(C) Pool cleaner robot
(D) Window cleaning robot
Which of the following is the most common type of military robot?
(A) Unmanned aerial vehicle
(B) Unmanned ground vehicle
(C) Unmanned underwater vehicle
(D) Unmanned surface vehicle
Which of the following is the most common type of space robot?
(A) Space probe
(B) Satellite
(C) Lander
(D) Rover
Which of the following is the most common type of communication satellite?
(A) Geostationary satellite
(B) Low Earth orbit satellite
(C) Medium Earth orbit satellite
(D) Highly elliptical orbit satellite
Which of the following is the most common type of weather satellite?
(A) Geostationary weather satellite
(B) Polar-orbiting weather satellite
(C) Geosynchronous weather satellite
(D) Low Earth orbit weather satellite
Which of the following is the most common type of navigation satellite?
(A) Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite
(B) Galileo satellite
(C) BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) satellite
(D) GLONASS satellite
Which of the following is the most common type of Earth observation satellite?
(A) Landsat satellite
(B) SPOT satellite
(C) ASTER satellite
(D) MODIS satellite
Which of the following is the most common type of launch vehicle?
(A) Space Shuttle
(B) Ariane 5
(C) Falcon 9
(D) Soyuz
Which of the following is the most common type of space probe?
(A) Voyager 1
(B) Voyager 2
(C) Pioneer 10
(D) Pioneer 11
Which of the following is the most common type of satellite launcher?
(A) Delta IV
(B) Atlas V
(C) Falcon 9
(D) Soyuz
Which of the following is the most common type of missile?
(A) Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
(B) Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM)
(C) Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM)
(D) Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM)
Which of the following is the most common type of optical telescope?
(A) Hubble Space Telescope
(B) Chandra X-ray Observatory
(C) Spitzer Space Telescope
(D) Herschel Space Telescope
Which of the following is the most common type of radio telescope?
(A) Arecibo Observatory
(B) Green Bank Telescope
(C) Very Large Array (VLA)
(D) Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA)
Which of the following is the most