Simon Commission (1927),Civil Disobedience Movement,August Offerand CR Formula

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<–2/”>a >Simon Commission (1927)

  • Indian Statutory Commission chaired by Simon to go into the question of further constitutional reform
  • All its seven members were Englishmen. Clement Attlee was one of the members.
  • Lord Birkinhead was the secretary of state at that time
  • At its Madras session in 1927 INC decided to boycott the commission “at every stage and in every form”
    • ML and Hindu Mahasabha supported Congress
  • Nehru Report, 1928
    • Dominion status
    • Contained Bill of Rights
    • No state religion
    • Federal form
    • Linguistically determined provinces
    • No separate electorates
    • All Party Convention, held at Calcutta in 1928, failed to pass the report
    • Muslim league rejected the proposals of the report
    • Jinnah drafted his fourteen points
    • Hindu Mahasabha and Sikh League also objected
  • Poorna Swaraj
    • Resolution passed at the Lahore session in 1929
    • On 31 December 1929, the tri-color was hoisted
    • On 26 January 1930, Independence Day was celebrated

 

Civil Disobedience Movement

  • Started by Gandhi on 12th March 1930 with the Dandi March. Reached Dandi on April 6.
  • Defiance of forest laws in Maharashtra, Central Province and Karnataka. Refusal to pay chaukidari tax in Eastern India.
  • Wide participation of Women
  • Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan organized Khudai Khidmatgars (aka Red Shirts)
  • Nagaland: Rani Gaidilieu
  • First RTC, 1930
    • Congress boycotted
  • Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931
    • Government agreed to release the political prisoners who had remained non-violent
    • Right to make salt for consumption
    • Right to peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops
    • Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement
    • Agreed to take part in the second RTC

 

August Offer (1940)

After the WWII began, British sought cooperation from India. August Offer offered three proposals. Firstly, it called for an immediate expansion of Viceroy’s Executive Council with the inclusion of India representatives; secondly, an advisory body with the members from British India and Indian princely states which were supposed to meet at consequent intervals was established and thirdly, two practical steps were decided to be taken in which it was to come at an agreement with the Indians on the form of the post representatives body should take and the methods by which it should come to a conclusion. It further  planned to draw out the principles and outlines of the Constitution itself.

Congress did not accept the offer.

 

CR Formula

Rajagopalachari’s formula(or C. R. formulaor Rajaji formula) was a proposal formulated by Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari to solve the political deadlock between the All India Muslim League and Indian National Congress on independence of India from the British. C. Rajagopalachari, a Congress leader from Madras, devised a proposal for the Congress to offer the League the Muslim Pakistan based onplebiscite of all the peoples in the regions where Muslims made a majority. Although the formula was opposed even within the Congress party,Gandhi used it as his proposal in his talks with Jinnah in 1944. However, Jinnah rejected the proposal and the talks failed.

The CR formula entailed[

  1. The League was to endorse the Indian demand for independence and to co-operate with the Congress in formation of Provisional Interim Government for a transitional period.
  2. At the end of the War, a commission would be appointed to demarcate the districts having a Muslim Population in Absolute Majority and in those areas plebiscite to be conducted on all inhabitants (including the non-Muslims) on basis of adult suffrage.

iii. All parties would be allowed to express their stance on the partition and their views before the plebiscite.

  1. In the event of separation, a mutual agreement would be entered into for safeguarding essential matters such as defence, Communication and commerce and for other essential Services.
  2. The transfer of population, if any would be absolutely on a voluntary basis.
  3. The terms of the binding will be applicable only in case of full transfer of power by Britain to Government of India.

Wavell Plan & Shimla Conference

In May 1945, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, went to London and discussed his ideas about the future of India with the British administration. The talks resulted in the formulation of a plan of action that was made public in June 1945. The plan is known as Wavell Plan.

The Plan suggested reconstitution of the Viceroy’s Executive Council in which the Viceroy was to select persons nominated by the Political Parties. Different communities were also to get their due share in the Council and parity was reserved for Cast-Hindus and Muslims. While declaring the plan, the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs made it clear that the British Government wanted to listen to the ideas of all major Indian communities. Yet he said that it was only possible if the Leadership of the leading Indian political parties agreed with the suggestions of the British Government.

To discuss these proposals with the leadership of major Indian parties, Wavell called for a conference at Simla on June 25, 1945. Leaders of both the Congress and the Muslim League attended the conference, which is known as the Simla Conference. However, differences arose between the leadership of the two parties on the issue of representation of the Muslim community. The Muslim League claimed that it was the only representative party of the Muslims in India and thus all the Muslim representatives in the Viceroy’s Executive Council should be the nominees of the party. Congress, which had sent Maulana Azad as the leader of their delegation, tried to prove that their party represented all the communities living in India and thus should be allowed to nominate Muslim representative as well. Congress also opposed the idea of parity between the Cast-Hindus and the Muslims. All this resulted in a deadlock. Finally, Wavell announced the failure of his efforts on July 14. Thus the Simla Conference couldn’t provide any hope of proceeding further.

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The Simon Commission was a British parliamentary commission that was appointed in 1927 to investigate the constitutional reforms in India. The commission was named after its chairman, Sir John Simon, and it consisted of seven members, all of whom were British. The commission visited India in 1928 and held public hearings in various cities. The commission’s report, which was published in 1930, recommended that India should be granted dominion status, but it also proposed a number of safeguards for the interests of the minorities. The report was rejected by the Indian National Congress, which launched the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a major campaign of nonviolent resistance against British rule in India. The movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, and it lasted for two years. The main objectives of the movement were to achieve swaraj (self-rule) for India and to end British rule. The movement was based on the principles of satyagraha (truth force) and ahimsa (nonviolence). The movement involved a number of protests and demonstrations, as well as acts of civil disobedience, such as boycotts of British goods and salt marches. The movement was met with violence from the British authorities, and many people were arrested and imprisoned. However, the movement was successful in achieving its objectives, and India gained independence from Britain in 1947.

The August Offer was a proposal made by the British government in 1940 to grant India dominion status after the war. The offer was made in response to the growing demand for independence in India. The offer was rejected by the Indian National Congress, which demanded immediate independence. The offer was also rejected by the Muslim League, which demanded a separate state for Muslims in India. The August Offer failed to resolve the constitutional deadlock in India, and it led to the outbreak of the Quit India Movement in 1942.

The CR Formula was a proposal made by C. Rajagopalachari in 1944 to resolve the Hindu-Muslim conflict in India. The formula proposed that India should be divided into two states, one for Hindus and one for Muslims. The formula was accepted by the Muslim League, but it was rejected by the Indian National Congress. The CR Formula failed to resolve the Hindu-Muslim conflict, and it led to the partition of India in 1947.

The Simon Commission, the Civil Disobedience Movement, the August Offer, and the CR Formula were all important events in the history of India’s independence struggle. These events led to the eventual granting of independence to India in 1947.

The Simon Commission was a British parliamentary commission sent to India in 1927 to investigate the workings of the Government of India Act 1919. The commission was boycotted by Indian nationalists, who saw it as a ploy to maintain British rule. The commission’s report was published in 1930 and recommended a number of reforms, including greater Indian participation in government. However, these reforms were not implemented, and the Indian independence movement continued to grow.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a major campaign of nonviolent resistance launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930. The movement was aimed at protesting British rule in India and achieving swaraj, or self-rule. The movement was met with violence from the British, but it ultimately succeeded in forcing the British to grant India independence in 1947.

The August Offer was a proposal made by the British government in 1940 to grant India greater self-government. The offer was rejected by Indian nationalists, who saw it as inadequate. The offer was followed by the Cripps Mission in 1942, which also failed to achieve a settlement between the British and Indian nationalists.

The CR Formula was a proposal made by C. Rajagopalachari in 1944 to resolve the Hindu-Muslim conflict in India. The formula proposed a united India with a federal structure and a strong central government. The formula was rejected by both the Hindu and Muslim leaders, and it ultimately failed to prevent the partition of India in 1947.

Here are some frequently asked questions about the Simon Commission, Civil Disobedience Movement, August Offer, and CR Formula:

  • What was the Simon Commission?
    The Simon Commission was a British parliamentary commission sent to India in 1927 to investigate the workings of the Government of India Act 1919.

  • Why was the Simon Commission boycotted by Indian nationalists?
    Indian nationalists boycotted the Simon Commission because they saw it as a ploy to maintain British rule.

  • What were the recommendations of the Simon Commission?
    The Simon Commission’s report was published in 1930 and recommended a number of reforms, including greater Indian participation in government.

  • Were the recommendations of the Simon Commission implemented?
    No, the recommendations of the Simon Commission were not implemented.

  • What was the Civil Disobedience Movement?
    The Civil Disobedience Movement was a major campaign of nonviolent resistance launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930.

  • What was the goal of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
    The goal of the Civil Disobedience Movement was to protest British rule in India and achieve swaraj, or self-rule.

  • How was the Civil Disobedience Movement met by the British?
    The Civil Disobedience Movement was met with violence from the British.

  • Was the Civil Disobedience Movement successful?
    Yes, the Civil Disobedience Movement was successful in forcing the British to grant India independence in 1947.

  • What was the August Offer?
    The August Offer was a proposal made by the British government in 1940 to grant India greater self-government.

  • Why was the August Offer rejected by Indian nationalists?
    Indian nationalists rejected the August Offer because they saw it as inadequate.

  • What was the Cripps Mission?
    The Cripps Mission was a mission sent by the British government to India in 1942 to try to resolve the Hindu-Muslim conflict.

  • Why did the Cripps Mission fail?
    The Cripps Mission failed because it was unable to reach an agreement between the British and Indian nationalists.

  • What was the CR Formula?
    The CR Formula was a proposal made by C. Rajagopalachari in 1944 to resolve the Hindu-Muslim conflict in India.

  • Why did the CR Formula fail?
    The CR Formula failed because it was rejected by both the Hindu and Muslim leaders.

  • What was the outcome of the Hindu-Muslim conflict?
    The Hindu-Muslim conflict ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947.

The following are MCQs without mentioning the topic Simon Commission (1927),Civil Disobedience Movement,August Offerand CR Formula:

  1. The Indian National Congress was founded in:
    (a) 1885
    (b) 1895
    (c) 1905
    (d) 1915

  2. The first President of the Indian National Congress was:
    (a) Dadabhai Naoroji
    (b) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
    (c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
    (d) Motilal Nehru

  3. The Indian National Congress adopted the goal of ‘Swaraj’ in:
    (a) 1906
    (b) 1916
    (c) 1920
    (d) 1929

  4. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in:
    (a) 1919
    (b) 1920
    (c) 1921
    (d) 1922

  5. The Salt March was a major event in the:
    (a) Non-Cooperation Movement
    (b) Civil Disobedience Movement
    (c) Quit India Movement
    (d) Quit Kashmir Movement

  6. The Poona Pact was signed in:
    (a) 1932
    (b) 1933
    (c) 1934
    (d) 1935

  7. The Government of India Act, 1935, provided for:
    (a) Provincial autonomy
    (b) Dyarchy
    (c) Responsible Government
    (d) Dominion status

  8. The Quit India Movement was launched in:
    (a) 1942
    (b) 1943
    (c) 1944
    (d) 1945

  9. The Indian National Army was formed in:
    (a) 1942
    (b) 1943
    (c) 1944
    (d) 1945

  10. The Indian Independence Act, 1947, granted independence to India on:
    (a) August 15, 1947
    (b) August 16, 1947
    (c) August 17, 1947
    (d) August 18, 1947

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