Running Water as Geomorphological agent

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Drainage basins are areas of land that are drained by a single stream or river. The size of a drainage basin can vary greatly, from small areas that are drained by a small stream to large areas that are drained by a major river. The shape of a drainage basin can also vary, from simple, circular basins to complex, irregular basins.

Stream order is a system for classifying streams based on their size and complexity. The first-order stream is the smallest stream, and it is typically a small, headwater stream. The second-order stream is formed when two first-order streams join together, and the third-order stream is formed when two second-order streams join together. This process continues until the largest stream in the drainage basin is formed.

Stream discharge is the volume of water that flows past a given point in a stream channel per unit of time. Stream discharge is measured in cubic meters per second (m3/s). The discharge of a stream is affected by a number of factors, including the size of the drainage basin, the slope of the stream channel, and the amount of PrecipitationPrecipitation.

Stream velocity is the speed at which water flows in a stream channel. Stream velocity is measured in meters per second (m/s). The velocity of a stream is affected by the same factors that affect stream discharge, as well as the roughness of the stream channel.

Stream gradient is the slope of the stream channel. Stream gradient is measured in meters per meter (m/m). The gradient of a stream is affected by the geology of the area through which the stream flows.

Stream channel is the path that a stream follows as it flows across the land. The shape of a stream channel is affected by a number of factors, including the gradient of the stream, the amount of sediment in the stream, and the vegetation that grows along the stream banks.

Meander is a bend in a stream channel. Meanders are caused by the erosion of the stream banks on the outside of the bend and the deposition of sediment on the inside of the bend.

Oxbow lake is a crescent-shaped lake that is formed when a meander is cut off from the main stream channel. Oxbow lakes are typically found in floodplains.

Floodplain is a flat, low-lying area that is adjacent to a stream or river. Floodplains are formed by the deposition of sediment during floods.

Delta is a fan-shaped deposit of sediment that is formed at the mouth of a river. Deltas are formed when the river’s velocity slows down as it enters the ocean or a lake.

Waterfall is a place where a stream or river flows over a steep drop in the land. Waterfalls are formed by the erosion of the land by the stream or river.

Gorge is a deep, narrow valley that is formed by the erosion of a stream or river. Gorges are typically found in mountainous areas.

Canyon is a deep, narrow valley that is formed by the erosion of a stream or river. Canyons are typically found in arid and semi-arid regions.

Confluence is the place where two or more streams or rivers join together.

Estuary is a semi-enclosed body of water that is formed where a river meets the ocean. Estuaries are typically found in coastal areas.

Delta is a fan-shaped deposit of sediment that is formed at the mouth of a river. Deltas are formed when the river’s velocity slows down as it enters the ocean or a lake. The sediment that is deposited at the mouth of the river is typically made up of sand, silt, and clay. The shape of a delta is determined by the amount of sediment that is deposited, the velocity of the river, and the shape of the coastline. Deltas are important because they provide habitat for a variety of plants and animals. They also play an important role in the water cycle by storing water and releasing it slowly into the ocean.
Erosion

• What is erosion?
  Erosion is the process of moving soil, rock, or other materials from one place to another.
• What are the different types of erosion?
  There are two main types of erosion: physical erosion and chemical erosion. Physical erosion is the process of moving materials by the force of water, wind, or ice. Chemical erosion is the process of dissolving materials by acids or other chemicals.
• What are some examples of erosion?
  Some examples of erosion include:
  • Water erosion: This is the most common type of erosion. It is caused by the force of water, such as rain or waves.
  • Wind erosion: This is caused by the force of wind. It can move loose soil and sand over long distances.
  • Ice erosion: This is caused by the force of ice, such as glaciers. It can grind away at rocks and soil.
  • Human erosion: This is caused by human activities, such as deforestation, mining, and agriculture.
• What are the effects of erosion?
  Erosion can have a number of negative effects, including:
  • Loss of soil: Erosion can remove topsoil, which is the most fertile layer of soil. This can make it difficult to grow crops.
  • Damage to InfrastructureInfrastructure: Erosion can damage roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.
  • Sedimentation: Erosion can cause sediment to build up in rivers and streams. This can reduce the flow of water and damage fish and other aquatic life.
• How can erosion be prevented?
  There are a number of ways to prevent erosion, including:
  • Planting trees and other vegetation: Vegetation can help to hold soil in place.
  • Building terraces: Terraces can help to slow down the flow of water and prevent erosion.
  • Using erosion control mats: Erosion control mats are made of materials that help to hold soil in place.
  • Avoiding activities that cause erosion: This includes activities such as deforestation, mining, and agriculture.

Transportation

• What is transportation?
  Transportation is the process of moving materials from one place to another.
• What are the different types of transportation?
  There are many different types of transportation, including:
  • Land transportation: This includes transportation by car, truck, train, and bus.
  • Water transportation: This includes transportation by ship, boat, and ferry.
  • Air transportation: This includes transportation by airplane and helicopter.
  • Pipeline transportation: This includes transportation of liquids and gases through pipelines.
• What are some examples of transportation?
  Some examples of transportation include:
  • A car driving down the road
  • A train pulling into a station
  • A ship sailing across the ocean
  • An airplane taking off from an airport
  • A pipeline carrying oil from one place to another
• What are the effects of transportation?
  Transportation can have a number of positive and negative effects. Some positive effects include:
  • Increased mobility: Transportation allows people and goods to move around more easily.
  • Economic growth: Transportation can help to stimulate economic growth by making it easier to trade goods and services.
  • Social interaction: Transportation can help people to connect with each other and build relationships.
• Some negative effects of transportation include:
  • Air pollution: Transportation can contribute to air pollution, which can cause respiratory problems and other health issues.
  • Noise pollution: Transportation can create noise pollution, which can be disruptive and annoying.
  • Traffic congestion: Transportation can cause traffic congestion, which can waste time and fuel.
• How can the effects of transportation be mitigated?
  There are a number of ways to mitigate the effects of transportation, including:
  • Investing in public transportation: Public transportation can help to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution.
  • Promoting carpooling and ridesharing: Carpooling and ridesharing can help to reduce the number of cars on the road.
  • Investing in infrastructure: Investing in infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, can help to improve the efficiency of transportation.
  • Raising fuel taxes: Raising fuel taxes can help to discourage people from driving and encourage them to use alternative forms of transportation.

Deposition

• What is deposition?
  Deposition is the process of laying down materials that have been transported by erosion.
• What are the different types of deposition?
  There are two main types of deposition: alluvial deposition and marine deposition. Alluvial deposition is the process of laying down materials by rivers and streams. Marine deposition is the process of laying down materials by oceans and seas.
• What are some examples of deposition?
  Some examples of deposition include:
  • A river depositing sediment on its floodplain
  • A wave depositing sand on a beach
  • A glacier depositing moraine
• What are the effects of deposition?
  Question 1

A process that moves sediment from one place to another is called:

(A) Erosion
(B) Transportation
(CC) Deposition
(D) Sedimentation

Answer: (B)

Question 2

The process of sediment settling out of suspension is called:

(A) Erosion
(B) Transportation
(C) Deposition
(D) Sedimentation

Answer: (C)

Question 3

A collection of all the land that drains into a single stream or river is called a:

(A) Drainage basin
(B) Stream order
(C) Stream discharge
(D) Stream velocity

Answer: (A)

Question 4

The number of stream segments that flow into a larger stream is called the:

(A) Drainage basin
(B) Stream order
(C) Stream discharge
(D) Stream velocity

Answer: (B)

Question 5

The volume of water that flows past a given point in a stream per unit of time is called the:

(A) Drainage basin
(B) Stream order
(C) Stream discharge
(D) Stream velocity

Answer: (C)

Question 6

The speed at which water flows in a stream is called the:

(A) Drainage basin
(B) Stream order
(C) Stream discharge
(D) Stream velocity

Answer: (D)

Question 7

The slope of a stream channel is called the:

(A) Drainage basin
(B) Stream order
(C) Stream discharge
(D) Stream gradient

Answer: (D)

Question 8

The path that a stream follows is called the:

(A) Drainage basin
(B) Stream order
(C) Stream discharge
(D) Stream channel

Answer: (D)

Question 9

A bend in a stream channel is called a:

(A) Meander
(B) Oxbow lake
(C) Floodplain
(D) Delta

Answer: (A)

Question 10

A former meander that has been cut off from the main stream is called an:

(A) Meander
(B) Oxbow lake
(C) Floodplain
(D) Delta

Answer: (B)

Question 11

A flat area of land along a stream that is prone to flooding is called a:

(A) Meander
(B) Oxbow lake
(C) Floodplain
(D) Delta

Answer: (C)

Question 12

A fan-shaped deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river is called a:

(A) Meander
(B) Oxbow lake
(C) Floodplain
(D) Delta

Answer: (D)

Question 13

A steep drop in the elevation of a stream channel is called a:

(A) Waterfall
(B) Gorge
(C) Canyon
(D) Confluence

Answer: (A)

Question 14

A deep, narrow valley with steep sides is called a:

(A) Waterfall
(B) Gorge
(C) Canyon
(D) Confluence

Answer: (B)

Question 15

A long, narrow valley with steep sides that is carved by a river is called a:

(A) Waterfall
(B) Gorge
(C) Canyon
(D) Confluence

Answer: (C)

Question 16

The point where two or more streams meet is called a:

(A) Waterfall
(B) Gorge
(C) Canyon
(D) Confluence

Answer: (D)

Question 17

A place where a river meets the ocean is called an:

(A) Estuary
(B) Delta
(C) Floodplain
(D) Meander

Answer: (A)

Question 18

A triangular-shaped deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river is called a:

(A) Estuary
(B) Delta
(C) Floodplain
(D) Meander

Answer: (B)