Role Of Institutions In Promotion Of Education

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Education/”>Role of Various Institutions (Central, State and Other Organizations) in Promotion of Education

Education is one of the important tasks undertaken by the present modem Governments. In 1921, the department of education came under the control of Indian Minister. Between 1921-1940, there was rapid expansion of educational institutions and enrolment of students. Primary education was made compulsory.

The goals, procedures and machinery together constitute educational administration. Hence, in the words of Kandel, “Fundamentally the purpose of educational administration is to bring pupils and teachers together under such conditions as well as successfully promote the end of education.”

 Today the term educational administration is comprehensively used. Educational administration is also linked with planning, organizing, directing, co-ordinating and controlling the objectives concerned with education. In the words of Mochiman Arthur, “Administration is essentially, a service activity and agency through which the fundamental objectives of the educational process may be fully and efficiently realized.”

 Educational administration means the organisation structure for the administration of educational institutions. It is also connected with synonymous words like supervision, direction, guidance, coordination and control. The educational administration is also connected with personnel administration, institutional administration and financial administration.

 Educational Administration in India:  In India there are basically four types of institutions to look after the development of primary and secondary education. They are:

(1) Central Government,

(2) State Government,

(3) Local Bodies/Institutions, and

(4) Private Institutions.

Ministry of Human resource development After Independence in 1947, a full-fledged Ministry of Education was established. The Centre gave funds to the States specially for expansion and development of primary education and adult education. The Central Government educational activities expanded and the Central Ministry of Education was reorganized from time to time. It helped the States by giving funds, technical advice, and by co-ordinating the activities of various states. It also constituted various advisory councils for giving advice to the states on several matters.

Today the Central Ministry of Education is closely connected with the Ministry of Human Resource Development. It is under the control of a Cabinet Minister. It was created by the Congress Government in 1985. The Department of Education, which is under the overall control of Human Resource Development of Union Ministry, is entrusted with the greater responsibility of school education.

The Minister of Human Resource Development

The Minister of Human Resource Development is appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Prime Minister. He is of cabinet rank. He is assisted by a Minister of State and a Deputy Minister. The main functions of the Minister for Human Resource Development are framing the educational policies, and executing the policies and ensuring uniformity in the method of education in various states. The Ministry also allocates available funds to different states for the development of education.

Secretary: Ministry of Human Resource Management The Secretary is the administrative head of the department. He supervises and controls the department. All files are routed through him only. In the administration, he is assisted by two Joint Secretaries, and three educational advisers. Their main duty is to tender advice on educational matters to the Minister through the Secretary. These advisers are assisted by Deputy Secretaries, Assistant Secretaries and Undersecretaries, holding charge of education. Three other Directors also assist him in the administration. The work of the Ministry is allotted to administrative officers.

 They are responsible for the implementation of educational policies as well as execution of the decisions of the Government. The Ministry of Human Resource Development presently is concerned with about fifty subjects related to education. The following are some ofthe most important subjects:

 1. School Education

2. Higher Education

3. Technical and Professional Education

4. Physical Education

5. Youth Welfare

6. Educational Research

7. Languages

8. Co-operation with UNESCO

9. Exchange Programme, and

10. Cultural Affairs.

Important Advisory Bodies

There are some other important bodies (Advisory Councils and Statutory Organizations) of the Central Government to discharge its functions and responsibilities in the field of education. They are:

1. Central Advisory Board ofEducation (CABE)

2. Central Board ofSecondary Education (CBSE), and

3. National Council ofEducational Research and Training (NCERT)

Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE)

This Board was established in 1920. The main function of the Board was to give advice to the provincial governments. Unfortunately this Board was abolished in 1923. Basing on the recommendations of the Hartog Committee (1928) again the Board came into existence in 1935. Keeping in view the Development of education in India, Central Government should play an important role in the educational restructuring. In this way this Board also played an important role in the educational system.

Composition of the Board

The Board consists of the following functionaries and is headed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development.

Chairman: Minister of Human Resource Development

Members of the Board:

1. Minister of state of Human Resource Development

2. Deputy Minister of Human Resource Development

3. Education Ministers of all States

4. One Representative of each Union Territory

5. Two Rajya Sabha Members

6. Four Lok Sabha Members

7. Two Members of Inter-University Board

8. Two Members of All India council of Technical Education (AICTE)

9. One Member from Indian Council of Technical Education (ICTE)

10. One Member from Medical Council of India (MCI)

11. Sixteen Ex-Officio Members

12. Sixteen Academicians (Nominated by the Government of India) and

13. Member-Secretary (Educational Adviser) Government of India

Tenure: 3 Years (Except for Ex-Officio Members)

Educational Secretary of the Government of India prepares the agenda with the help of Member Secretary.

Functions

The most important functions of the Central Advisory Board of Education are:

1. To give advice on any educational matter which was referred to the Board by the Government of India or State Government.

2. Getting any information and giving report on the effective functioning of education in India, and

3. Examining the information received by the Board and evaluating the information in an appropriate manner and giving recommendations to the Government of India or State Government.

However, the recommendations made by the Board are only advisory and not binding on the Central Government.

Central Board of Secondary Education

This board has been playing an important role towards improvement of educational standards, particularly in Secondary education, by changing the syllabus and text books from time to time to meet the changing needs of the Society and thereby of the students. This Board is also concerned with better methods of teaching and evaluation. Some of the important activities of the Board are, bringing changes in the examination system and conducting Orientation Courses to the teachers for the enrichment of their knowledge.

Another important function of the Board is to conduct different types of examinations at National level relating to Secondary School level, All India Higher Examinations, Higher Secondary Technical Examinations, Matriculation Examinations, etc.

National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

The NCERT came into existence in 1961. The composition of the Council is as follows:

Chairman : The Minister for Human Resource Development

Other Members:

1. Four Vice-Chancellors of different Universities (one from each zone) nominated by the Government of India (One Representative of each State and Union Territory)

2. All States and Union Territory Education Ministers (or his representatives) in case ofDelhi the Chief Executive Councillor.

3. Two Ex-officio Members – Chairman, UGC; Secretary, Ministry of Human Resource Development, and

4. Twelve Members nominated by the Government of India. Among them not less than four members must be school teachers.

Organisation: There is a Director and Joint Director of the Council. These are assisted by some other personnel to look after the day-to-day administration of the council.

Functions of the Council

The most important functions performed by the Council are:

1. Formulation and implementation of Policies and Programmes relating to the School Administration.

2. Conducting the Research work, Pilot projects, Training programmes and Extension activities. 3. Maintaining the relationship between Ministry of Human Resource Development Department and the State Education Departments, and

4. Publishing Text books, Periodicals and some other Educational Literature for the benefit of the students.

Role of Central Government:

Since independence the Central Government has started spending increasing amount of Money on education. The Central Govt. gives grant-in-aid to states, universities and special institutions in order to help those to discharge their educational obligations. It gives special grants to back-ward states in order to equalize them with other states. It finances the centrally administered areas and gives scholarships and stipends under the various scholarship schemes.

The contributions of the Central Government and State Governments have increased from time to time.

Following are the important reasons for this increase:

1. The Central Government must assist the bank-ward states for providing better educational opportunities.

2. The Central Government must assist the state in realizing the constitutional provisions for providing compulsory primary education in the age group 6 to 14 years.

3. The Central Government has large Resources for collecting finances.

4. Central funds must be utilized for providing Equality of opportunity.

The Central Government assists the states for educational development in three ways:

1. Central Government performs educational functions through NCERT, UGC, Central Universities, Central Schools organizations etc.

2. Central Government sponsors schemes fully financed by it but implemented by the States.

3. Central Government partially finances some programmes, planned and implemented by the State Governments.

Role of State Governments in Educational Financing:

Education in India is a state responsibility and the bulk of educational expenditure.

The Finance Commission transfers adequate resources at the end of each Plan to each State under:

(a) Share in Income-tax,

(b) Share in excise, and

(c) Lumb-sum grant-in-aid.

The state recognizes schools and other institutions run by private bodies in accordance with set rules and regulations. It also provides them with suitable aids and grants to run efficiently and effectively. Financial aid is also given to Universities, functioning in the state.

Role of Local Bodies in Educational Financing:

Local Bodies like Municipalities, Boards, District bodies, Zilla Parisads and Panchayats run schools in their respective area. They appoint staff, provide equipment and finance to the these schools through local taxes and grants from the State Government. Such educational institutions are directly under the control of these Local Bodies.

For meeting the expenditure, the school committees should receive:

(1) A certain proportion of the income of the local village panchayat and

(2) A grant-in-aid fixed on the basis of equalisation.

State grants to local bodies on account of primary education should be based on a combination of the proportional grants, a special grant for backward areas and specific purpose grants. It would be in the interest of education to make it obligatory on municipalities to earmark a specified proportion of their net revenue for primary education. All funds thus earmarked for Primary Education should be entitled to receive grant-in-aid according to rules.

A cess on land revenue should be universally levied in all areas and that the legislation on the subject should provide for the minimum and maximum rates of such levy. In the village panchayats, as in the municipalities, a portion of the total revenue should be earmarked for Primary Education.

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Education is a fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other Human Rights. It promotes individual freedom and Empowerment and yields important development benefits. Yet millions of children and adults remain deprived of educational opportunities.

The following are some of the institutions that play a role in the promotion of education:

• Government

Governments have a responsibility to provide access to quality education for all citizens. They do this by funding schools, developing curricula, and regulating the education system. Governments also play a role in promoting education through policies that support early childhood education, adult Literacy, and lifelong Learning.

• Non-governmental organizations

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in providing education to marginalized and underserved populations. They often work in areas where governments are unable or unwilling to provide Services. NGOs also advocate for education policies and reforms.

• Private sector

The private sector can play a significant role in education by providing schools, funding scholarships, and developing innovative educational technologies. Private sector companies can also support education through corporate social responsibility initiatives.

• International organizations

International organizations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Bank provide funding, technical assistance, and policy advice to governments and NGOs working to promote education. They also advocate for the right to education and monitor progress towards achieving education goals.

• Civil society

Civil society organizations, such as parent-teacher associations, community groups, and faith-based organizations, can play a key role in mobilizing support for education and holding governments accountable for providing quality education. They can also provide direct services to students and families.

• Faith-based organizations

Faith-based organizations often provide education to children and adults in poor and marginalized communities. They can also play a role in promoting education through advocacy and social mobilization.

• Community-based organizations

Community-based organizations can play a key role in identifying and addressing the educational needs of their communities. They can also provide direct services to students and families, such as tutoring, mentoring, and after-school programs.

• Academic institutions

Academic institutions, such as universities and colleges, can play a vital role in promoting education by conducting research, developing new educational technologies, and training teachers. They can also advocate for education policies and reforms.

• Research institutions

Research institutions can play a key role in understanding the challenges and opportunities in education. They can also develop and evaluate educational programs and interventions.

• Media

The media can play a powerful role in promoting education by raising awareness of the importance of education and highlighting the challenges that students and families face. The media can also provide information about educational opportunities and resources.

• Business

Businesses can play a significant role in promoting education by providing scholarships, funding educational programs, and developing innovative educational technologies. Businesses can also support education through corporate social responsibility initiatives.

• Families

Families play the most important role in promoting education. They can provide a supportive Environment for learning, help their children with their homework, and communicate with their teachers. Families can also advocate for their children’s education and hold schools accountable for providing quality education.

• Individuals

Individuals can play a role in promoting education by volunteering their time, donating money, or advocating for education policies and reforms. Individuals can also support education by choosing to work in the Education sector or by starting their own educational businesses.

Education is a complex issue, and there is no single institution that can solve all of the challenges that we face. However, by working together, all of the institutions listed above can play a role in promoting education and ensuring that all children and adults have the opportunity to learn.

What is the role of institutions in the promotion of education?

Institutions play a vital role in the promotion of education. They provide a safe and supportive environment for learning, and they offer a variety of resources and programs that can help students succeed. Institutions also play a role in shaping public opinion about education, and they can advocate for policies that support educational excellence.

What are some examples of institutions that promote education?

There are many different types of institutions that promote education. Some examples include:

• Schools: Schools are the most common type of institution that promotes education. They provide a structured environment for learning, and they offer a variety of courses and programs that can help students develop their knowledge and skills.
• Libraries: Libraries are a valuable resource for students of all ages. They offer a wide range of books, magazines, newspapers, and other materials that can help students with their studies.
• Museums: Museums can be a great place for students to learn about history, art, science, and culture. They often offer educational programs and exhibits that can help students learn in a fun and interactive way.
• Community centers: Community centers often offer a variety of educational programs and services for children, youth, and adults. These programs can help students develop their skills and knowledge in a variety of areas.
• Nonprofit organizations: There are many nonprofit organizations that promote education. These organizations often offer scholarships, tutoring, and other programs that can help students succeed in school.

What are the benefits of promoting education?

There are many benefits to promoting education. Some of the benefits include:

• Increased economic Growth: Education can lead to increased economic growth by providing workers with the skills and knowledge they need to be productive.
• Reduced crime rates: Education can lead to reduced crime rates by teaching people about the law and the consequences of criminal behavior.
• Improved Health: Education can lead to improved health by teaching people about healthy habits and how to prevent disease.
• Stronger Democracy: Education can lead to a stronger democracy by teaching people about their rights and responsibilities as citizens.
• Increased civic engagement: Education can lead to increased civic engagement by teaching people about the importance of participating in government and community affairs.

What are some challenges to promoting education?

There are a number of challenges to promoting education. Some of the challenges include:

• POVERTY: Poverty can make it difficult for children to attend school and succeed in their studies.
• Lack of access to quality education: In some parts of the world, there is a lack of access to quality education. This can be due to a number of factors, such as a lack of qualified teachers, poor Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE, and inadequate funding.
• Gender inequality: In some parts of the world, girls and Women are not given the same opportunities to education as boys and men. This can be due to a number of factors, such as cultural norms, religious beliefs, and economic constraints.
• Conflict and violence: Conflict and violence can disrupt education and make it difficult for children to learn.
• Natural disasters: Natural disasters can damage schools and other educational facilities, making it difficult for children to continue their education.

What can be done to address the challenges of promoting education?

There are a number of things that can be done to address the challenges of promoting education. Some of the things that can be done include:

• Investing in education: Governments and other stakeholders need to invest in education by providing adequate funding for schools and other educational facilities.
• Improving access to quality education: Governments and other stakeholders need to improve access to quality education by addressing the challenges of poverty, lack of access, gender inequality, conflict and violence, and natural disasters.
• Promoting Gender Equality: Governments and other stakeholders need to promote gender equality by ensuring that girls and women have the same opportunities to education as boys and men.
• Supporting teachers: Governments and other stakeholders need to support teachers by providing them with adequate training and resources.
• Engaging parents and communities: Governments and other stakeholders need to engage parents and communities in the education of their children.
• Raising awareness: Governments and other stakeholders need to raise awareness about the importance of education.

Sure, here are some MCQs on the topics of education, institutions, and promotion:

1. Which of the following is not a goal of education?
   (A) To prepare students for the workforce
   (B) To help students develop their critical thinking skills
   (C) To instill in students a love of learning
   (D) To teach students how to follow orders

2. Which of the following is not an institution of education?
   (A) A school
   (B) A university
   (C) A library
   (D) A prison

3. Which of the following is the most important factor in promoting education?
   (A) Funding
   (B) Quality teachers
   (C) Parental involvement
   (D) Access to technology

4. Which of the following is not a way to promote education?
   (A) Increasing the number of schools
   (B) Reducing class sizes
   (C) Providing more scholarships
   (D) Making education more difficult to access

5. Which of the following is the best way to measure the success of education?
   (A) By the number of students who graduate from high school
   (B) By the number of students who go on to college
   (C) By the number of students who get good jobs
   (D) By the number of students who are happy and fulfilled

6. Which of the following is the most important thing that schools can do to promote education?
   (A) Provide a safe and supportive environment
   (B) Offer a challenging curriculum
   (C) Emphasize critical thinking skills
   (D) Prepare students for the workforce

7. Which of the following is the most important thing that parents can do to promote education?
   (A) Read to their children
   (B) Help their children with their homework
   (C) Talk to their children about school
   (D) Attend parent-teacher conferences

8. Which of the following is the most important thing that governments can do to promote education?
   (A) Provide funding for schools
   (B) Set high standards for schools
   (C) Hold schools accountable for their performance
   (D) Make education compulsory

9. Which of the following is the most important thing that businesses can do to promote education?
   (A) Offer scholarships to students
   (B) Hire recent graduates
   (C) Provide training for employees
   (D) Support educational programs in the community

10. Which of the following is the most important thing that individuals can do to promote education?
    (A) Vote for candidates who support education
    (B) Volunteer at schools
    (C) Donate to educational causes
    (D) Talk to their friends and family about the importance of education