Quick Revision- MONETARY POLICY TOOL

There are several direct and indirect instruments that are used for implementing monetary policy.

Repo rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides overnight liquidity to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under the Liquidity Adjustment facility (LAF).
Reverse Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank absorbs liquidity, on an overnight basis, from banks against the collateral of eligible Government Securities under the LAF.
Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): The LAF consists of overnight as well as term repo auctions. Progressively, the Reserve Bank has increased the proportion of liquidity injected under fine-tuning variable rate repo auctions of range of tenors. The aim of term repo is to help develop the inter-bank term Money-market/”>Money Market, which in turn can set market based benchmarks for pricing of loans and deposits, and hence improve transmission of monetary policy. The Reserve Bank also conducts variable interest rate reverse repo auctions, as necessitated under the market conditions.
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF): A facility under which scheduled Commercial Banks can borrow additional amount of overnight money from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a limit at a penal rate of interest. This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the Banking system.
Corridor: The MSF rate and reverse repo rate determine the corridor for the daily movement in the weighted Average Call Money rate.
Bank Rate: It is the rate at which the Reserve Bank is ready to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers. The Bank Rate is published under Section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically as and when the MSF rate changes alongside policy repo rate changes.
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The average daily balance that a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a share of such per cent of its Net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) that the Reserve Bank may notify from time to time in the Gazette of India.
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): The share of NDTL that a bank is required to maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as, unencumbered government securities, cash and gold. Changes in SLR often influence the availability of Resources in the banking system for lending to the private sector.
Open Market Operations (OMOs): These include both, outright purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of durable liquidity, respectively.
Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS): This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004. Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through sale of short-dated government securities and Treasury Bills. The cash so mobilised is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank.

Monetary policy is the actions taken by a central bank to influence the economy. The goal of monetary policy is to promote economic Growth and stability. Monetary Policy Tools are the means by which a central bank implements its monetary policy.

The main monetary policy tools are:

Open market operations: The central bank buys and sells Bonds/”>Government Bonds in the open market. This can increase or decrease the Money Supply.
Reserve requirements: The central bank sets a minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold. This can affect the amount of money that banks can lend.
DISCOUNT rate: The central bank sets the interest rate that banks pay to borrow money from the central bank. This can affect the cost of borrowing for banks and businesses.
Moral suasion: The central bank can use its influence to encourage banks to lend money to certain sectors of the economy.
Quantitative easing: The central bank buys large quantities of assets, such as government bonds, from banks. This increases the money supply and can lower interest rates.
Credit easing: The central bank provides loans to banks at below-market interest rates. This can encourage banks to lend money to businesses.
Forward guidance: The central bank announces its future intentions for monetary policy. This can help to influence expectations and economic activity.
Term premium control: The central bank buys and sells long-term bonds to influence the term premium, which is the additional interest rate that investors demand for holding long-term bonds.
Yield curve control: The central bank sets a target for the yield curve, which is the relationship between interest rates on short-term and long-term bonds.
Negative interest rates: The central bank pays banks interest on their deposits. This can encourage banks to lend money rather than hold onto cash.
Asset purchases: The central bank buys assets, such as government bonds, from banks. This increases the money supply and can lower interest rates.
Lending facilities: The central bank provides loans to banks at below-market interest rates. This can encourage banks to lend money to businesses.
Capital controls: The central bank restricts the flow of capital into or out of the country. This can be used to stabilize the exchange rate or to prevent a financial crisis.
Foreign Exchange intervention: The central bank buys or sells foreign currency to influence the exchange rate. This can be used to stabilize the exchange rate or to promote exports.
Government Debt Management: The central bank manages the government’s debt. This includes issuing new debt, buying back existing debt, and setting interest rates on government bonds.

Monetary policy is a powerful tool that can be used to influence the economy. However, it is important to use monetary policy carefully to avoid unintended consequences.

What is monetary policy?

Monetary policy is the actions taken by a central bank to influence the Supply of Money and credit in an economy. The goal of monetary policy is to promote economic growth and stability.

What are the Tools Of Monetary Policy?

The main tools of monetary policy are open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate.

Open market operations are the buying and selling of government securities by a central bank. When a central bank buys government securities, it injects money into the economy. When a central bank sells government securities, it drains money from the economy.
Reserve requirements are the amount of money that banks are required to hold in reserve. When a central bank raises reserve requirements, it makes it more difficult for banks to lend money. When a central bank lowers reserve requirements, it makes it easier for banks to lend money.
The discount rate is the interest rate that a central bank charges banks for loans. When a central bank raises the discount rate, it makes it more expensive for banks to borrow money. When a central bank lowers the discount rate, it makes it cheaper for banks to borrow money.

How does monetary policy work?

Monetary policy works by influencing the supply of money and credit in an economy. When the supply of money and credit increases, interest rates tend to fall. This makes it cheaper for businesses to borrow money and invest, which can lead to economic growth. When the supply of money and credit decreases, interest rates tend to rise. This makes it more expensive for businesses to borrow money and invest, which can lead to economic stability.

What are the benefits of monetary policy?

Monetary policy can be used to promote economic growth and stability. It can also be used to control Inflation.

What are the risks of monetary policy?

Monetary policy can be risky if it is not used carefully. If the central bank raises interest rates too quickly, it can lead to a Recession. If the central bank lowers interest rates too quickly, it can lead to inflation.

What are some examples of monetary policy in action?

In the United States, the Federal Reserve is the central bank. The Federal Reserve uses open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate to influence the supply of money and credit in the economy.

In the European Union, the European Central Bank is the central bank. The European Central Bank uses open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate to influence the supply of money and credit in the eurozone.

What are some of the challenges facing monetary policy?

One of the challenges facing monetary policy is that it is difficult to predict how the economy will react to changes in monetary policy. Another challenge is that monetary policy can be slow to work. It can take months or even years for changes in monetary policy to have a significant impact on the economy.

What are some of the future trends in monetary policy?

One of the future trends in monetary policy is that central banks are likely to become more focused on controlling inflation. Another trend is that central banks are likely to use unconventional monetary policy tools, such as quantitative easing, to stimulate the economy.

Which of the following is not a monetary policy tool?
(A) Open market operations
(B) Discount rate
(C) Reserve requirement
(D) Fiscal Policy
When the Federal Reserve sells government bonds on the open market, it is trying to:
(A) Increase the money supply
(B) Decrease the money supply
(C) Keep the money supply constant
(D) None of the above
When the Federal Reserve lowers the discount rate, it is trying to:
(A) Increase the money supply
(B) Decrease the money supply
(C) Keep the money supply constant
(D) None of the above
When the Federal Reserve raises the reserve requirement, it is trying to:
(A) Increase the money supply
(B) Decrease the money supply
(C) Keep the money supply constant
(D) None of the above
Which of the following is a contractionary monetary policy tool?
(A) Open market operations
(B) Discount rate
(C) Reserve requirement
(D) All of the above
Which of the following is an expansionary monetary policy tool?
(A) Open market operations
(B) Discount rate
(C) Reserve requirement
(D) None of the above
The Federal Reserve is responsible for:
(A) Setting interest rates
(B) Controlling the money supply
(C) Supervising and regulating banks
(D) All of the above
The Federal Reserve System is made up of:
(A) 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks
(B) The Board of Governors in Washington, D.C.
(C) The Federal Open Market Committee
(D) All of the above
The Federal Reserve’s primary goal is to:
(A) Keep inflation low and stable
(B) Promote maximum EMPLOYMENT
(C) Maintain stable prices
(D) All of the above
The Federal Reserve uses a variety of tools to achieve its goals, including:
(A) Open market operations
(B) Discount rate
(C) Reserve requirement
(D) All of the above