Poverty and Unemployment:Measurements and trends; identification of BPL families,

<–2/”>a >The World Bank defines POVERTY in absolute terms. The bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US$1.90 per day> (PPP), and moderate poverty as less than $3.10 a day. Types of Poverty Absolute poverty measures poverty in relation to the amount of Money necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. The concept of absolute poverty is not concerned with broader Quality Of Life issues or with the overall level of inequality in Society.

The concept of absolute poverty is based on absolute norms for living (measured in terms of consumption expenditure) laid down according: to specified minimum standard and all such individuals or groups whose consumption expenditure is found to be below this standard are classified as poor. Under the relative concept of poverty, a family (or an individual) is deemed to be poor if its level of income or consumption expenditure falls below a predetermined level.

Poverty in India is measured as the head-count ratio of the Population living below the official ‘Poverty Line’, which is calculated using the methodology prescribed by the Expert Group on Methodology for Estimation of Poverty appointed by the Planning Commission in order to arrive at a threshold consumption level of both food and non-food items. The methodology uses the Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CES) conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) of India once every five years to attain the poverty line; and, hence, poverty figures in India are obtained once every five years. The Planning Commission’s latest poverty line, using methodology suggested by the Tendulkar Committee in 2010, is apparently defined as the spending of Rs. 27.20 per capita per day in rural areas and Rs.33.40 per capita per day in urban areas.

Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is actively searching for EMPLOYMENT is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the Health of the economy.Different Types of Unemployment are as follows:-

• Structural Unemployment focuses on the structural problems within an economy and inefficiencies in labor markets. Structural unemployment occurs when a labor market is not able to provide jobs for everyone who is seeking employment.
• Frictional Unemployment is when workers leave their old jobs but haven’t yet found new ones. Most of the time workers leave voluntarily, either because they need to move, or they’ve saved up enough money to allow them to look for a better job.Frictional unemployment is short-term and a natural part of the job search process.
• Cyclical unemployment is a type of unemployment that occurs when there is not enough Aggregate Demand in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. In an economy, demand for most goods falls, less production is needed, and less workers are needed.
• Disguised Unemployment exists where part of the labor force is either left without work or is working in a redundant manner where worker productivity is essentially zero. It is unemployment that does not affect aggregate output.

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Poverty and Unemployment are two of the most pressing issues facing the world today. In 2015, an estimated 736 million people lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.90 per day. And while the global unemployment rate has fallen in recent years, it remains high, at 5.7% in 2017.

Poverty and unemployment are closely linked. People who are poor are more likely to be unemployed, and people who are unemployed are more likely to be poor. This is because poverty can make it difficult to find and keep a job, and unemployment can lead to poverty.

There are many different ways to measure poverty. One common measure is the poverty line, which is the income level below which a person or family is considered to be poor. The poverty line varies from country to country, depending on the cost of living.

Another way to measure poverty is to look at the distribution of income. This is a measure of how evenly income is distributed among the population. A country with a high level of income inequality is one in which a small number of people have a lot of money, while a large number of people have very little money.

Unemployment is measured as the Percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. The labor force is the total number of people who are either employed or actively looking for work. The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed people by the labor force and multiplying by 100.

There are many different Causes of Poverty and unemployment. Some of the most common causes include:

• Low wages: People who are paid low wages are more likely to be poor.
• Lack of Education and skills: People who do not have the education and skills that employers are looking for are more likely to be unemployed.
• Discrimination: People who are discriminated against on the basis of race, gender, or other factors are more likely to be poor and unemployed.
• Economic recessions: Economic recessions can lead to job losses and increased poverty.

There are many different things that can be done to reduce poverty and unemployment. Some of the most effective solutions include:

• Providing job training and education: This can help people develop the skills they need to get a good job.
• Providing financial assistance: This can help people meet their basic needs while they are looking for work.
• Creating jobs: This can be done by investing in Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE, education, and other areas that create jobs.
• Reducing discrimination: This can be done by passing laws that prohibit discrimination and by educating people about the importance of diversity.

Poverty and unemployment are complex issues, but there are many things that can be done to address them. By working together, we can create a world where everyone has the opportunity to live a good life.

The identification of BPL families is a complex process that involves a number of factors. The most important factor is the family’s income. Families with an income below the poverty line are generally considered to be BPL families. However, other factors, such as the family’s assets and expenses, may also be considered.

The identification of BPL families is important because it determines eligibility for government assistance programs. These programs can provide much-needed support to families in need. However, the process of identifying BPL families can be difficult and time-consuming. This is because there is no single definition of poverty and the factors that are considered can vary from program to program.

Despite the challenges, the identification of BPL families is an important process that can help to ensure that families in need receive the support they deserve.

Poverty

• What is poverty?
  Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial Resources and essentials for a comfortable life.

• What are the causes of poverty?
  The causes of poverty are complex and vary from country to country. Some of the most common causes include:

  • Low wages
  • Unemployment
  • Lack of education and skills
  • Discrimination
  • Natural disasters
  • War and conflict

• What are the effects of poverty?
  Poverty can have a devastating impact on individuals, families, and communities. Some of the effects of poverty include:

  • Hunger and Malnutrition
  • Poor health
  • Lack of education
  • Crime
  • Social exclusion
  • Violence

• What are the solutions to poverty?
  There is no one-size-fits-all solution to poverty. However, some of the most effective strategies for reducing poverty include:

  • Investing in education and skills development
  • Creating jobs and economic opportunities
  • Providing social safety nets
  • Addressing the root causes of poverty, such as discrimination and inequality

Unemployment

• What is unemployment?
  Unemployment is a situation in which people are actively looking for work but are unable to find it.

• What are the causes of unemployment?
  The causes of unemployment are complex and vary from country to country. Some of the most common causes include:

  • Economic Recession
  • Technological change
  • Structural change in the economy
  • Government policies

• What are the effects of unemployment?
  Unemployment can have a devastating impact on individuals, families, and communities. Some of the effects of unemployment include:

  • Loss of income
  • Poverty
  • Hunger and malnutrition
  • Poor health
  • Lack of education
  • Crime
  • Social exclusion
  • Violence

• What are the solutions to unemployment?
  There is no one-size-fits-all solution to unemployment. However, some of the most effective strategies for reducing unemployment include:

  • Investing in education and skills development
  • Creating jobs and economic opportunities
  • Providing unemployment benefits
  • Addressing the root causes of unemployment, such as discrimination and inequality

Measurements and trends

• How is poverty measured?
  There are a number of different ways to measure poverty. Some of the most common methods include:

  • The Headcount Ratio: This is the percentage of the population living below a certain poverty line.
  • The Poverty Gap: This is the Average shortfall between the poverty line and the income of the poor.
  • The severity of poverty: This is the average poverty gap as a percentage of the poverty line.

• What are the trends in poverty?
  The trends in poverty vary from country to country. However, in general, poverty rates have been declining in recent decades. This is due to a number of factors, including economic Growth, social development, and government policies.

Identification of BPL families

• What are BPL families?
  BPL families are families that are living below the poverty line. The poverty line is a measure of the minimum income necessary to meet basic needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter.

• How are BPL families identified?
  BPL families are identified by the government through a process of surveys and interviews. The government uses this information to develop programs and policies to help BPL families improve their lives.

Sure, here are some MCQs on the topic of poverty and unemployment:

1. What is poverty?
   (A) A state of deprivation or lack of resources
   (B) A state of being poor
   (C) A state of being in need
   (D) All of the above

2. What are the different types of poverty?
   (A) Absolute poverty
   (B) Relative poverty
   (C) Chronic poverty
   (D) All of the above

3. What are the causes of poverty?
   (A) Lack of education
   (B) Lack of employment
   (C) Lack of access to resources
   (D) All of the above

4. What are the effects of poverty?
   (A) Hunger
   (B) Malnutrition
   (C) Disease
   (D) All of the above

5. What are the solutions to poverty?
   (A) Education
   (B) Employment
   (C) Access to resources
   (D) All of the above

6. What is unemployment?
   (A) The state of being without work
   (B) The state of being unemployed
   (C) The state of being in need of work
   (D) All of the above

7. What are the different types of unemployment?
   (A) Cyclical unemployment
   (B) Structural unemployment
   (C) Frictional unemployment
   (D) All of the above

8. What are the causes of unemployment?
   (A) Recession
   (B) Depression
   (C) Technological change
   (D) All of the above

9. What are the effects of unemployment?
   (A) Poverty
   (B) Hunger
   (C) Malnutrition
   (D) All of the above

10. What are the solutions to unemployment?
    (A) Economic growth
    (B) Job creation
    (C) Education and training
    (D) All of the above

I hope these MCQs are helpful!