Post harvest technology and value addition in Food Processing

Post Harvest Technology And Value Addition in Food Processing

While increased productivity is an essential component of a vibrant agricultural sector, improved post-harvest handling and processing is essential to ensure high-quality products reach the markets.
Too often, even when the yields are high, producers lose income due to poor post-harvest practices.
Effective post-harvest management allows not only the minimization of losses but also increases the value of the marketed agricultural products by transforming the agricultural raw materials (fruit juice, jam, cheese; salting, drying, smoking).
Good processing enables preservation of product quality at every stage of the Marketing process.
Attractive packaging makes the product more appealing to consumers who are therefore willing to pay more if the product offered is of good quality and easy to use. Growth in the State of Indian agriculture food processing sector.

Food Processing Sector

Food processing aims to make food more digestible, nutritious and extend the shelf life. Due to the seasonal variations high levels of wastage or shortages can arise if adequate measures are not taken to preserve and store the foods.
Food processing covers all the processes that food items go through from the farm to the time it arrives on the consumer’s plate. It includes basic cleaning, grading and packaging as in case of fruits and vegetables and also alteration of the raw material to a stage just before the final preparation.
Value addition processes to make ready-to eat food like bakery products, instant foods, flavored and Health drinks, etc. is also included in this definition.
Processed food can be customized to suit the nutritional requirements of groups such as the elderly, pregnant Women, infants, young children and athletes.
Such foods are characterized by a balanced composition of energy suppliers in the form of fats, Carbohydrates and proteins, and by a combination of VITAMINS and Minerals composed according to the current state of scientific knowledge.
Food processing offers an opportunity for the creation of sustainable livelihoods and Economic Development for rural communities. Food processing has come a long way in the last few decades.
The ever changing lifestyles, food habits and tastes of customers’ globally have altered the dynamics of the Industry. The world food production and consumption patterns are evolving with a change in the needs of the customer.
Increasing demand for ethnic and different foods from customers across the world has redefined the market canvas for food processors across the world.
With these changes, producers, processors, retailers and suppliers of food, world over, are reorienting their business plans to meet the new demands of the customers.
Food processing benefits all the sections of the Society. It helps the:
Farmers – get higher yield, better revenues and lower the risks drastically,
Consumers – have access to a greater variety, better prices and new products,
economy – gets benefitted with new business opportunities for the entrepreneurs and the work force gets EMPLOYMENT.

STATUS OF POSTHARVEST HANDLING

Poor Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE for storage, processing and marketing in many countries of the region contributes to a high proportion of waste, which Average between 10 and 40%.
Major infrastructural limitations also continue to impose severe constraints to domestic distribution as well as to the export of horticultural produce.
Considerable waste occurs owing to the fact that small farmers lack Resources and are unable to market their produce and implement suitable postharvest handling practices. Spoilage of fresh produce is also accelerated by the hot and humid Climate of the region.
Postharvest management and processing of horticultural produce has assumed considerable significance in Light of increasing demand for fruits and vegetables in the region
Although India is a major producer of horticultural crops, many Indians are unable to obtain their daily requirement of fruits and vegetables and the Human Development index (HDI) is very low.
Considerable quantities of fruits and vegetables produced in India go to waste owing to improper postharvest operations and the lack of processing. This results in a considerable gap between gross food production and net availability

CAUSES OF POSTHARVEST LOSSES

Postharvest losses are caused by both external and internal factors.

External Factors Which Lead to Postharvest Losses

Mechanical Injury

Fresh fruits and vegetables are highly susceptible to mechanical injury owing to their tender texture and high moisture content.
Poor handling, unsuitable packaging and improper packing during transportation are the cause of bruising, cutting, breaking, impact wounding, and other forms of injury in fresh fruits and vegetables.

Parasitic Diseases

The invasion of fruits and vegetables by Fungi, bacteria, insects and other organisms, is a major cause of postharvest losses in fruits and vegetables.
Microorganisms readily attack fresh produce and spread rapidly, owing to the lack of natural defense mechanisms in the Tissues of fresh produce, and the abundance of nutrients and moisture which supports their growth.
Control of postharvest decay is increasingly becoming a difficult task, since the number of pesticides available is rapidly declining as consumer concern for food safety is increasing.

Internal Factors

Physiological Deterioration

Fruit and vegetable tissues are still alive after harvest, and continue their physiological activity.
Physiological disorders occur as a result of mineral deficiency, low or high temperature injury, or undesirable environmental conditions, such as high humidity.
Physiological deterioration can also occur spontaneously owing to enzymatic activity, leading to overripeness and senescence, a simple aging phenomenon.

SCOPE AND STRATEGIES

Proper postharvest management practices for minimizing losses and for improving marketing are generally not followed in India

Raw Material

No matter how perfect postharvest operations are, good returns cannot be obtained from poor quality raw materials.
The selection of suitable varieties is, therefore, essential. Linking production to postharvest operations is essential to optimizing results. Pre-harvest parameters such as selection of proper planting material, crop management, and disease and pest control must be geared toward producing high quality produce.
Once the crop is ready for harvest, attention must be paid to the harvesting technique/procedure. Poor harvesting practices can lead to irreparable damage to horticultural produce.
It is therefore necessary to standardize maturity indices and harvesting techniques for each and every fruit and vegetable in order to minimize damage at the time of harvest.

Packing Stations

There is an absolute lack of the concept of packing house establishments in India. Fruits and vegetables are generally packed in the field without any pretreatment. Some are even transported without any packaging.
In developed countries on the other hand, fruits and vegetables are generally selected, cut, placed in bulk containers and transported to packing stations where they are trimmed, sorted, graded, packed in cartons or crates and cooled.
They are temporarily placed in cool storage for subsequent loading or are loaded directly onto refrigerated vehicles, and transported to market. A number of important operations are also carried out at packing stations. These include SO2 fumigation, fungicidal dipping, surface coating with wax, degreening of citrus, ripening and conditioning, vapor heat treatment etc.
Due to the lack of proper packaging systems in India, large volumes of the inedible portions of vegetables such as cauliflower, peas etc. are transported to wholesale markets from the field.
They are discarded to various degrees and large quantities of Biomass/”>Biomass which could be used as value added products are wasted. Removal of these inedible vegetable portions prior to marketing would reduce both transportation costs and environmental pollution.
These inedible vegetable parts ultimately undergo decomposition, cause sanitation problems and produce gases which are detrimental to the Environment. Farmer’s cooperatives and other agencies should, therefore, be encouraged to establish packing stations at nodal points to augment the marketing of fresh horticultural produce

Primary Processing

Unlike durable crops such as Cereals, pulses and oilseeds, fresh fruits and vegetables are highly perishable, and must be marketed immediately after harvesting without primary processing. Fruit and vegetables generate large quantities of valuable waste that ends up as garbage.
However, if they are gainfully utilized at the proper time they can become value added products. Vegetables such as cauliflower, peas, leafy vegetables, etc. can be minimally processed at packing stations immediately after harvesting, through the removal of inedible parts, following which they can be marketed in metro city markets in unit packs.
Between 10 and 60% of the fresh fruits and vegetables marketed and purchased by consumers in India are rejected as inedible. In villages or small towns the inedible portions of fruits and vegetables are either fed to animals or are discarded as garbage by consumers in metro cities
Primary processing of Food Crops other than horticultural crops has its origin from the dawn of civilization. It was a necessary step to the consumption of foods such as rice, wheat oilseeds, etc.
Processing not only renders these commodities edible, but also adds value to them. Value-addition to horticultural crops was never considered essential, owing to the fact that many of these fruits and vegetables, e.g., tomato, melon, cucumber, carrot, etc. could be directly consumed after harvesting.
Today, there is considerable interest in processing to add value, as well as to reduce losses in fruits and vegetables.

Packaging

Packaging is an integral element in the marketing of fresh horticultural produce. It provides an essential link between the producer and the consumer. Owing to its favorable properties, wood has remained the main packaging material for fruits and vegetables.
Timber conservation is, however, critical in order to maintain an ecological balance, and there is an urgency to identify substitutes for the use of timber in an effort to protect forest resources in many developing countries. Packaging has been identified as one of the most important areas where substitution of wood is not only possible but also obviously desirable.
Considerable work has been done by different agencies in introducing alternative types of packaging. Corrugated fibre board (CFB) containers consume one third of the wood required for producing timber boxes of the same size. CFB boxes can also be fabricated from kraft paper produced from bamboo, long Grasses and many other types of agricultural residues like bagasse, paddy, Cotton stalk, jute stick, wheat straw and recycled paper and cardboard.
Packaging produced from timber is often used as a source of firewood, owing to the severe shortage of fuel wood in India. CFB cartons on the other hand are recycled as pulp or paper.
Thus switching over from wood to CFB boxes for the packaging of horticultural produce is a very practicable and environmentally friendly option. Increased use of corrugated cartons for local distribution of produce could be accomplished with improvement in the quality of boxes produced in India.
The ventilated CFB box which contains ventilated partitions, and which was developed at the IARI was found to be ideal for the packaging and transportation of fruits, owing to the comparably minimal level of bruising observed in these boxes. Cushioning materials used in the packaging of fruits and vegetables in wooden boxes include dry grass, paddy straw, leaves, sawdust, paper shreds etc., all of which end up as garbage and add to environmental pollution in cities. Moulded trays or cardboard partitions used in CFB boxes are, however, easily recycled.

Palletization

Loading and unloading are very important steps in the postharvest handling of fruits and vegetables but are often neglected.
The individual handling of packaged produce in India leads to mishandling and to high postharvest losses in India.
With the introduction of CFB boxes, serious consideration should be given to the introduction of palletization and mechanical loading and unloading of produce particularly with the use of fork-lift trucks, in order to minimize produce mishandling.

Storage

The lowest temperature that does not cause chilling injury is the ideal storage temperature for fresh fruits and vegetables. Mechanical refrigeration is generally used for the storage of fruits and vegetables.
Mechanical refrigeration is, however, energy intensive and expensive, involves considerable initial capital Investment, and requires uninterrupted supplies of electricity which are not always readily available, and cannot be quickly and easily installed.
Available cold storage in India is used primarily for the storage of potatoes. Appropriate cool storage technologies are therefore required in India.

Containerization

The use of containers for the transportation of goods was recently introduced into India. Relatively little attention has, however, been given to the use of containers for the transport of fresh horticultural produce.
Containerization provides an excellent system for the shipment of goods from one place to another. Refrigerated containers are used in the transportation of fruits, vegetables and flowers in many developing countries.
The design and fabrication of ventilated containers which incorporate evaporative cooling systems should be considered for the Indian context.
One of the greatest advantages of the container is that it can be placed on truck or rail, without interfering with the movement of the vehicle. Palletization and containerization will go a long way in developing local and international trade.

Rapid Transportation Systems

Railways and roads are two important transportation systems for the movement of goods in India.
The use of railways for the transportation of fruits and vegetables in India could be greatly enhanced by: making provisions for cooling and ventilation, providing improved handling facilities at platforms and providing storage space to accommodate the goods upon arrival at their destinations.
Similarly road Services could be considerably improved by widening roads, upgrading surfaces and through the introduction of one way traffic. Long waits at level crossings should be avoided by introducing flyovers at intersections in order to increase the speed and movement of goods by road. Facilities such as sheds, for temporary cool storage should be available on highways and major roads.

Processing of Unmarketable Fruits and Vegetables and Factory Waste

Considerable volumes of unmarketable and physically damaged fruits and vegetables that are without infection can be converted into value added products by processing. Byeproducts of fruit and vegetable processing could also be gainfully utilized.

The Way Forward

The measures to strengthen the food processing include the following:

Agriculture must diversify in favor of high-value enterprises. The emphasis should be on production of high value commodities for example, fruits, vegetables and fish with enhanced quality and specific nutritional and processing characteristics, rather than increasing production per se as in the past. Pricing policies also need to be changed, as linking these with the quality of the produce or a product is the basis for fixing per unit price, just as fat content in milk; higher protein quality/ quantity in wheat; better aroma or cooking quality in rice and shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
Since marketing of products is more remunerative than sale of raw commodities, farmer – processor linkages are needed to add value as per demands of the consumers.
There is great scope of developing some of our traditional food items from cereals, fruits, milk, Poultry and fish. Appropriate and cost-effective packaging technology for these items is needed to ensure safety and prolonged shelf life.
Agriculture is fast becoming demand driven from the earlier supply driven situation. Farmers will have to grow specific varieties needed for processing or add value to their produce. Policy and legislation should be reformed to allow processors to purchase their produce requirement directly from the farmers.
Intermediaries in the food chain lock value and add to the cost of the raw materials sometimes by even 80 to 100 per cent.
Self-help or common interest groups, producer companies on the model of cooperatives should be encouraged to enhance the bargaining power of the farmers and negotiate effectively with the industry, just as is being done in Kerala and Punjab.
The Town and Village Enterprises (TVEs) model of China is an excellent example for involving surplus rural labor in industrial activity by providing them alternative work at their doorstep. This can be considered for adoption with suitable modifications, for primary processing of the agricultural produce and effectively linked to urban units for secondary processing, product development and marketing.
Location of food-processing units should be strategically placed depending upon the raw material availability, labor, product utilization and domestic and/or export marketing. It should be nurtured to evolve on a natural course after the initial nucleation, as has been done for the IT industry.
Often indigenous technologies are better suited for application than the imported ones. A scientific Database of these technologies should be created to form a basis for the ones that are offered to us by other countries. There are nearly 200 major indigenous technologies for food processing which have been listed by CFTRI. NABARD or other financial institutions need to finance this activity.
The creation of commodity-based management systems would be beneficial. These could advise the government and R&D institutions to take steps proactively, based on continuous tracking of the demand, supply, consumer needs and prices both in the domestic and international markets. The intelligent information collecting system should be networked with all user agencies and farmers in the country, using the latest IT technologies and infrastructure.
The processing of agricultural raw material generates a sizable amount of utilizable byproducts, commonly termed as ‘waste’. Experimental protocols for converting these into usable secondary or co-products are available. These need to be developed into commercially viable technologies.

Plan Schemes by Government of India in Food Processing Sector

Scheme for Infrastructure Development

The creation of integrated and holistic infrastructure is extremely important for the food processing sector.
Towards achieving this end the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI) had launched new schemes in eleventh FYP for the creation of modern enabling infrastructure that can facilitate the growth of food processing and an integrated cold chain mechanism for handling perishable produce.
The MOFPI initiatives include a launch of the following schemes for strengthening infrastructure in agro and food processing sector, it had launched the Mega Food Parks Scheme; the Scheme for Cold Chain; Value Addition and Preservation Infrastructure and the Scheme for Construction and Modernization of Abattoirs.

Mega Food Parks Scheme (MFPS)

The Mega Food Parks Scheme is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MFPI) during the eleventh Five Year Plan.
The Scheme aims to accelerate the growth of the food processing industry in the country by facilitating establishment of strong food processing infrastructure backed by an efficient supply chain.
The Mega Food Parks Scheme provides for a capital grant of 50 percent of the project cost in difficult and ITDP notified areas (with a ceiling of Rs 50 crore).
The grant shall be utilized towards creation of common infrastructure in Central Processing Centre (CPC) and Primary processing Centres (PPCs) in the park. Such facilities are expected to complement the processing activities of the units proposed to be set up at the CPC in the Park. Each Mega Food Park may take about 30-36 months to be completed.
Out of 30 Mega Food Parks proposed during the eleventh five year plan, the Ministry has taken up 15 projects under the Scheme so far.
Among these, final approval has been accorded to 15 Mega Food Parks in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Jharkhand, Assam, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, Orissa, Bihar and Karnataka.
The total assistance from the government to these projects is estimated at Rs.750 crore. In addition to these, 15 new Mega Food Parks have been recently approved by the government.

Scheme for Cold Chain, Value Addition and Preservation Infrastructure

The Task Force on Cold Chain set up by the Ministry of Agriculture has identified a huge gap of 9 to 10 million tonnes of cold storage capacity in the country.
The Ministry of Food Processing Industries through its Scheme for Cold Chain, Value Addition, and Preservation Infrastructure has been successfully addressing the above issue.
The Scheme was approved in 2008 with an objective to provide integrated and complete cold chain, value addition and preservation infrastructure facilities without any break, for perishables from the farm gate to the consumer.
The assistance under the Scheme includes financial assistance (grant-in-aid) of 50 percent of the total cost of plant and machinery and technical civil works in General areas and 75 percent for the NE region and difficult areas subject to a maximum of Rs 10 crore

Post-harvest technology and value addition in food processing are essential to ensure that food is safe, nutritious, and available to consumers. Post-harvest handling refers to the activities that take place after a crop is harvested, such as sorting, grading, and packing. Storage and transportation are important to ensure that food is kept in good condition during the time it is not being consumed. Processing involves converting raw materials into food products, such as canning, freezing, and drying. Packaging protects food from damage and contamination during storage and transportation. Distribution refers to the movement of food from the processing plant to the consumer. Marketing involves promoting food products to consumers and making them available for purchase. Consumer awareness is important to ensure that consumers understand the importance of post-harvest technology and value addition in food processing. Food safety is a critical issue in the food industry, and post-harvest technology and value addition can help to ensure that food is safe to eat. Quality control is essential to ensure that food products meet the required standards of quality. Traceability is important to track food products from the farm to the consumer, in order to identify potential problems. Sustainability is important to ensure that food production is environmentally friendly and does not damage the planet. Innovation is essential to develop new technologies and processes that can improve post-harvest handling, storage, transportation, processing, packaging, distribution, marketing, and consumer awareness. Research and development is essential to identify new opportunities for value addition in food processing. Economic impact is significant, as the food processing industry is a major employer and contributor to the economy. Social impact is also significant, as food processing can help to improve Nutrition and Food Security. Environmental impact is important to consider, as food processing can have a negative impact on the environment if not done sustainably.

In conclusion, post-harvest technology and value addition in food processing are essential to ensure that food is safe, nutritious, and available to consumers. Post-harvest handling, storage and transportation, processing, packaging, distribution, marketing, consumer awareness, food safety, quality control, traceability, sustainability, innovation, research and development, economic impact, social impact, and environmental impact are all important considerations in the food processing industry.

Here are some additional details on each of the subtopics:

Post-harvest handling: This includes activities such as sorting, grading, and packing. It is important to ensure that food is handled properly after harvest to prevent damage and contamination.
Storage and transportation: Food must be stored and transported in a way that prevents spoilage. This includes using appropriate storage conditions and packaging materials.
Processing: This involves converting raw materials into food products, such as canning, freezing, and drying. Processing can help to extend the shelf life of food and make it more convenient to consume.
Packaging: This protects food from damage and contamination during storage and transportation. It also helps to promote the sale of food products.
Distribution: This refers to the movement of food from the processing plant to the consumer. It is important to ensure that food is distributed in a way that minimizes spoilage and contamination.
Marketing: This involves promoting food products to consumers and making them available for purchase. It is important to create awareness of the benefits of post-harvest technology and value addition in food processing.
Consumer awareness: This is important to ensure that consumers understand the importance of post-harvest technology and value addition in food processing. Consumers need to be aware of the risks of eating food that has not been properly handled or processed.
Food safety: This is a critical issue in the food industry. Post-harvest technology and value addition can help to ensure that food is safe to eat. This includes preventing contamination from pests, bacteria, and other harmful organisms.
Quality control: This is essential to ensure that food products meet the required standards of quality. This includes ensuring that food is free of defects and that it meets the desired nutritional and sensory properties.
Traceability: This is important to track food products from the farm to the consumer, in order to identify potential problems. This can help to prevent foodborne illness and recall of contaminated products.
Sustainability: This is important to ensure that food production is environmentally friendly and does not damage the planet. This includes using sustainable practices in agriculture, processing, and packaging.
Innovation: This is essential to develop new technologies and processes that can improve post-harvest handling, storage, transportation, processing, packaging, distribution, marketing, and consumer awareness. This will help to ensure that the food industry can meet the challenges of the future.
Research and development: This is essential to identify new opportunities for value addition in food processing. This includes research on new technologies, processes, and products.
Economic impact: The food processing industry is a major employer and contributor to the economy. Post-harvest technology and value addition can help to create jobs and boost economic growth.
Social impact: Food processing can help to improve nutrition and food security. It can also help to reduce POVERTY and improve livelihoods

What is post-harvest technology?

Post-harvest technology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the handling, storage, processing, and distribution of agricultural products after harvest. It is a critical component of the food supply chain, as it helps to ensure that food is safe, nutritious, and available to consumers.

What are the benefits of post-harvest technology?

Post-harvest technology can help to improve the quality and safety of food, reduce food waste, and increase the efficiency of the food supply chain. It can also help to improve the livelihoods of farmers and other stakeholders in the food system.

What are some examples of post-harvest technologies?

Some examples of post-harvest technologies include:

Harvest management: This includes practices such as harvesting at the right time, using the right harvesting equipment, and handling the produce carefully to minimize damage.
Storage: This includes practices such as storing the produce in a cool, dry place, using appropriate packaging, and controlling pests and diseases.
Processing: This includes practices such as washing, sorting, grading, and packing the produce.
Distribution: This includes practices such as transporting the produce to market, storing it in warehouses, and selling it to consumers.

What are some challenges in post-harvest technology?

Some challenges in post-harvest technology include:

The Need for Investment: Post-harvest technology can be expensive to implement, and there is often a lack of investment in this area.
The need for training: Farmers and other stakeholders in the food system often need training in order to use post-harvest technologies effectively.
The need for infrastructure: Post-harvest technologies often require infrastructure such as cold storage facilities and transportation systems.
The need for research: There is a need for more research on post-harvest technologies, in order to develop new and improved technologies and to improve the efficiency of existing technologies.

What is value addition?

Value addition is the process of increasing the value of a product or service. In the context of food processing, value addition can be achieved through a variety of methods, such as:

Processing: This can involve changing the form of the product, such as by grinding, cooking, or freezing.
Packaging: This can involve using attractive packaging to make the product more appealing to consumers.
Branding: This can involve creating a brand identity for the product, which can help to increase its value.
Marketing: This can involve promoting the product to potential consumers, which can help to increase its demand.

What are the benefits of value addition?

Value addition can provide a number of benefits, including:

Increased profits: By increasing the value of a product, businesses can generate more profits.
Improved marketability: Value-added products are often more marketable than their unprocessed counterparts.
Increased employment: Value-added activities can create new jobs in the food processing sector.
Sustainable Development: Value addition can help to promote sustainable development by reducing food waste and increasing the efficiency of the food supply chain.

What are some challenges in value addition?

Some challenges in value addition include:

The need for investment: Value addition can be expensive to implement, and there is often a lack of investment in this area.
The need for technology: Value-added activities often require specialized technology, which can be expensive to acquire.
The need for skills: Value-added activities often require specialized skills, which can be difficult to find.
The need for market access: Value-added products often face challenges in accessing markets, due to competition from imported products or lack of awareness among consumers.

What is the future of post-harvest technology and value addition?

The future of post-harvest technology and value addition is promising. As the world’s Population continues to grow, there will be an increasing demand for food. Post-harvest technology and value addition can help to meet this demand by increasing the efficiency of the food supply chain and reducing food waste. In addition, the development of new technologies, such as blockchain, has the potential to revolutionize the food supply chain and make it more efficient and transparent.

Which of the following is not a post-harvest technology?
(A) Storage
(B) Processing
(C) Transportation
(D) Distribution
Which of the following is not a value-added product?
(A) Canned food
(B) Frozen food
(C) Dried food
(D) Fresh food
Which of the following is not a benefit of post-harvest technology?
(A) Reduced food waste
(B) Increased food safety
(C) Improved food quality
(D) Increased food cost
Which of the following is not a benefit of value-added products?
(A) Increased shelf life
(B) Increased convenience
(C) Increased nutritional value
(D) Increased cost
Which of the following is not a challenge of post-harvest technology?
(A) High cost
(B) Lack of infrastructure
(C) Lack of skilled labor
(D) Lack of demand
Which of the following is not a challenge of value-added products?
(A) High cost
(B) Lack of consumer awareness
(C) Lack of product differentiation
(D) Lack of market access
Which of the following is the most important factor in the success of post-harvest technology?
(A) Technology
(B) Infrastructure
(C) Human resources
(D) Market demand
Which of the following is the most important factor in the success of value-added products?
(A) Product quality
(B) Product price
(C) Product marketing
(D) Product distribution
Which of the following is the most important factor in the success of post-harvest technology and value-added products?
(A) Government support
(B) Private sector investment
(C) Consumer demand
(D) International trade
Which of the following is the most important factor in the future of post-harvest technology and value-added products?
(A) Innovation
(B) Sustainability
(C) Efficiency
(D) Competitiveness