Policy Of Subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine Of Lapse, Structure Of British Raj Upto 1857

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Of all the European East India companies which came to India as traders in different periods of the 15th and 16th centuries, only the British and the French East India companies remained as dominant ones by the beginning of the 18th century.

In the first decade of the 18th century, the fortunes of the then mighty Mughal Empire began to decline and there emerged a number of successor states or regional powers or country powers in different parts of India.

The two European trading companies after realizing the weakness of the then country powers decided to make sincere efforts to become a strong political power and to expand and consolidate their sway in India. It is the trade interest that made the two European companies chart out this process of territorial expansion.

The European trading companies established their factories on the western, eastern and southern coastal areas and in this process they extended their influence into the mainland territories of the Indian subcontinent.

The expansion and consolidation of the British influence was achieved in a span of one hundred years, i.e., 1757 to 1857 by using the tools of war and diplomacy. Rabindra Nath Tagore, very aptly in a poetic way described this as “darkness settled on the face of the land then the weighing scales in the merchant’s hand changed into the imperial sceptre”.

British policy towards Indian States The evolution of relations between the British authority and states can be traced under following broad stages:

1. Policy of Relative Isolationism (before 1740):- British were more commercial and enterprising company thus initially when they did not have consolidated their position, they had to maintain the policy of isolationism. Commercial interest of British compelled them to often depend upon the native princes. Also the British were cautious to the fact that they were aliens in the Soil of India and hence any aggressive policy would mean devastation.

2. East India Company’s struggle for Equality with Indian States from a position of subordination(1740-1765):- Starting with Anglo-French Rivalry with the coming of Dupleix in 1751, the East India Company asserted political identity with capture of Arcot (1751). With the Battle Of Plassey in 1757, the East India Company acquired the political power next only to the Bengal Nawabs. In 1765 with the acquisitions of diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Odhisa, the east India Company became a significant political power.

3. Policy of Ring-Fence (1765-1813):- In the north, constant threat of Marathas remained and in south Haider Ali became a scourge to the British imperialism. A new policy was required to tackle this situation as a result ring fencing policy was introduced. This policy was reflected in Warren Hastings’ wars against the Marathas and the Mysore, and aimed at creating buffer zones/states to defend the company’s frontiers and protected from direct onslaught of the enemies secondly from these states British would operate against enemies. This was put into practice in Anglo- Mysore war when Hyderabad was used as the buffer state. Similarly, the Awadh and Rohilkhand were used as buffer states against Marathas. Wellesley’s policy of Subsidiary Alliance was an extension of ring fence policy. The buffer states and the ring fencing provinces would not any longer remain the same, rather, they were first brought under control of British and from there the policy of expansionism would be carried out effectively.

4. Policy of Sub-ordinate Isolation (1813-57):- Lord Warren Hastings replaced the policy of mutual reciprocity and amicability in relations between princely states and British with policy of sub-ordinate isolation. Under this policy as many as 145 native states in central India, 20 in Rajputana (present day Rajasthan) and another 145 in the Kathiawad region were brought (actually bullied) into submission by the company so that it could extract whatever advantages it wanted in terms of land, agricultural produce or any kind of revenue for promoting its trade interests and multiplying profits. Subject to this limited interest the native sovereign was left unintervened in any other manner. The infamous ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ whereby the company could take complete control and possession of a native state in case there was any problem of SUCCESSION after the ruler’s death or incapacity to rule.Even after the conquest and annexation, isolation took place as the British never treated the princely states as the part of British Empire in India. Rather what they did was, they controlled each and every important aspect of administration and retained the princes for other regular affairs.

Annexation Policies of the Company:

A) Doctrine of Lapse: Dalhousie, the last of the Governors General of the time of the Company was associated with this policy of the Doctrine of Lapse. By using this policy as a means, Dalhousie annexed the native states like Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaitpur and Sambhalpur. By denying the right of adoption to a Hindu native state as legitimate one, the British Governor General Dalhousie annexed the above native states to the British Empire in India.

His policy resulted in a political upheaval which threatened to destroy the solid foundations of the Company’s rule in India in 1857, because his annexationist policy based on the Doctrine of Lapse has no legal, moral or expediency justification. The British East India Company expanded its control over a vast territory and also extended its influence beyond India in Sri Lanka in the south, Mauritius in the south-west Afghanistan in the north-west, Nepal in the north to Andamans and Nicobar, Burma, Malaya, and Philippines in the south-east.

It can be said without any hesitation that it was mainly at the cost of India that England became the dominant power in the whole of South Asia and Asian lands on the Indian ocean by using the Indian sepoys like cannon fodder and draining the Indian treasury through unnecessary wars and diplomacy.

Features of Doctrine of Lapse:

According to this, any princely state under the direct or indirect (as a vassal) control of the East India Company where the ruler did not have a legal male heir would be annexed by the company.
This was not introduced by Lord Dalhousie even though it was he who documented it, and used it widely to acquire territories for the British.
As per this, any adopted son of the Indian ruler could not be proclaimed as heir to the kingdom. The adopted son would only inherit his foster father’s personal property and estates.
The adopted son would also not be entitled to any pension that his father had been receiving or to any of his father’s titles.
This challenged the Indian ruler’s long-held authority to appoint an heir of their choice.

Effects of Doctrine of Lapse:

Many Indian states lost their Sovereignty and became British territories.
This led to a lot of unrest among the Indian princes.
A lot of people were unhappy with the ‘illegal’ nature of this doctrine and this was one of the causes of the Indian Revolt of 1857.
Nana Sahib and the Rani of Jhansi had grievances against the British because the former’s pension was stopped by the British after his foster father died, and the Rani’s adopted son was denied the throne under the doctrine of lapse.
Dalhousie returned to Britain in 1856. After the Indian Revolt broke out in 1857, his governance was widely criticised as one of the causes of the rebellion.

B) Subsidiary Alliance: Besides the tool of war, the British East India Company, like a hungry wolf was anxiously waiting to use any means to expand its territorial holdings in India. Of such means Subsidiary Alliance is one. It is Wellesley, the Governor General of Bengal, who vigorously implemented this policy for the advantage of the company. Though, Wellesley is associated with Subsidiary Alliance, the author and originator was not Wellesley but Dupleix, the French Governor. Dupleix devised it and implemented it and later the same was followed by the British from Clive to Wellesley.

Alfred Lyall notices four stages in the evolution of this system. In the first stage, the British East India Company supplied weapons and armies to the native ruler, as we notice the supply of arms and armies to the Nawab of Avadh against Rohillas during the tenure of Warren Hastings. In the second stage, the British with the help of the native ruler took the field. In the third stage, the British took Money from the native ruler for the maintenance of the army separately for the defense of such state, e.g., Oudh in 1797.

In the fourth stage, the British agreed to maintain a permanent and fixed subsidiary force within the territory of its ally in return for a payment of a sum or ceding certain territory permanently to the British. Further, Wellesley by this Subsidiary Alliance System made it mandatory for the ally to keep a British Resident in the court of the native ruler, not to employ any other European nationals in this service, not to maintain relations with any other native ruler without the prior approval of the British. The British agreed to protect the territory of such allies from foreign aggression and not to intervene in the internal affairs of such native ally who entered into this alliance.

Subsidiary Alliance was basically a treaty between the British East India Company and the Indian princely states, by virtue of which the Indian kingdoms lost their sovereignty to the English. It also was a major process that led to the building of the British Empire in India. A critical review of this policy clearly reveals that this is advantageous to the British and disadvantageous to the native ruler. The policy was designed in such a way that it served the main interest of the British East India Company in expanding its hold in new territories of its allies without spending money from its coffers and to make these allies its dependencies.

Salient features of subsidiary alliance:

External relations were surrendered to the care of the Company. No state was to declare war without the permission of the Company. Also, mediation of Company was required to negotiate with other states.
Company troops were required to be stationed within the territory of the states. For the maintenance of these troops, larger states gave the sovereign rights over certain parts of their territory to the Company, while smaller states were required to pay in cash.
A British resident was required to stay in the state.
Company was not to interfere in the internal affairs.
States were required to take permission of the Company in employing Europeans.
This allowed the Company to maintain additional troops at strategic locations without any significant expense.
It disarmed the Indian states and deprived the Indian princes any means of forming any confederacy against the British.
By stationing their troops in the territory of Indian states, British gained control of strategic and key locations in India.
It acquired the power to effectively counteract any possible French moves in India.
Company acquired ‘territories in full sovereignty’ of certain territories which were granted to them by Indian states in lieu for the upkeep of the British army.

Effects of Subsidiary Alliance:

As a result of Indian rulers disbanding their armies, many people were rendered unemployed.
Many Indian states lost their independence and slowly, most parts of India were coming under British control.
The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept the Subsidiary Alliance in 1798

Acquisitions of Indian States in British Empire

Under Subsidiary Alliance: Hyderabad(1798), Mysore(1799), Avadh(1801), Peshwa(1802), Bhonsle and Scindia(1803), Udaipur, Jodhpur and Jaipur(1818).
Under Doctrine of Lapse: Satara(1848), Jhansi, Sambhalpur of Orrisa(1849), Baghat(1850), Jaipur of Bundelkhand(1849),Udaipur in Rajputana(1852), Jhansi(1853) and Nagpur(1854).

The policy of "DIVIDE AND RULE” is a political tool to take advantage of the schism prevalent in the Society and prolong the dominance over the people. It's an age old idea having roots dating back to Roman Empire.

Such divisive policies succeeded only as we Indians were ignorant and it ultimately culminated into the division of India and much loss of life and unmatched bitterness that persist even today between the two nations.

Structure of British Raj Up-to 1857:

When the officials of the East India Company acquired control over Bengal in 1765, they had little intention of making any innovations in its administration. They only desired to carry on their profitable trade and collect taxes for remission to England.

From 1765 to 1772, in the period of the Dual Government, Indian officials were allowed to function as before but under the Overall control of the British Governor and British officials.

The Indian officials had responsibility but no power while the Company’s officials had power but no responsibility. Both sets of officials were venal and corrupt men. In 1772 the Company ended the Dual Government and undertook to administer Bengal directly through its own servants. But the evils inherent in the administration of a country by a purely commercial company soon came to the surface.

The East India Company was at this time a commercial body designed to trade with the East. Moreover, its higher authority was situated in England, many thousands of kilometers away from India. Yet, it had come to wield political power over millions of people. This anomalous state of affairs posed many problems for the British government.

What was to be the relation of the East India Company and its possessions to the government in Britain?

How were the Company’s authorities in Britain to control the great multitude of officials and soldiers stationed in far away India?

How was a single centre of control to be provided in India over the far-flung British possessions in Bengal, Madras and Bombay?

The first of these problems was the most pressing as well as the most important. It was also closely interwoven with party and parliamentary rivalries in Britain, the political ambitions of English statesmen, and the commercial greed of English merchants.

The rich Resources of Bengal had fallen into the hands of the Company whose Directors immediately raised dividends to 10 per cent in 1767 and proposed in 1771 to raise the rate further to 12 ½ per cent.

The Company’s English servants took advantage of their position to make quick fortunes through illegal and unequal trade and the forcible collection of bribes and ‘gifts’ from Indian chiefs and zamindars. Clive returned to England at the age of 34 with wealth and property yielding £40,000 a year.

The Company’s high dividends and the fabulous wealth brought home by its officials excited the jealousy of other sections of British society.

Merchants kept out of the East by the monopoly of the Company, the growing class of manufacturers and, in general, the rising forces of free enterprise in Britain wanted to share in the profitable Indian trade and the riches of India which the Company and its servants alone were enjoying.

They, therefore, worked hard to destroy the Company’s trade monopoly and, in order to achieve this, they attacked the Company’s administration of Bengal. They also made the officials of the Company who returned from India their special target.

These officials were given the derisive title of ‘nabobs’ and were ridiculed in the press and on the stage. They were boycotted by the aristocracy and were condemned as the exploiters and oppressors of the Indian people. Their two main targets were Clive and Warren Hastings. By condemning the ‘nabobs’, the opponents of the Company hoped to make the Company unpopular and then to displace it.

Many ministers and other Members of Parliament were keen to benefit from the acquisition of Bengal. They sought to win popular support by forcing the Company to pay tribute to the British government so that Indian revenues could be used to reduce Taxation or the Public Debt of England.

In 1767, the Parliament passed an act obliging the Company to pay to the British treasury £400,000 per year. Many political thinkers and statesmen of Britain wanted to control the activities of the Company and its officials because they were afraid that the powerful Company and its rich officials would completely debauch the English nation and its politics.

The parliamentary politics of Britain during the latter half of the eighteenth century was corrupt in the extreme. The Company as well as its retired officials bought seats in the House of Commons for their agents. Many English statesmen were worried that the Company and its officials, backed by Indian plunder, might gain a preponderant influence in the government of Britain.

The Company and its vast empire in India had to be controlled or the Company, as master of India, would soon come to control British administration and be in a position to destroy the liberties of the British people.

The exclusive privileges of the Company were also attacked by the rising school of economists representing free-trade manufacturing capitalism.

In his celebrated work, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith, the founder of classical economics, condemned the exclusive companies:

Such exclusive companies, therefore, are nuisances in much respect; always more or less inconvenient to the countries in which they are established and destructive to those which have the misfortune to fall under their government.

Thus, reorganization of the relations between the British state and the Company’s authorities became necessary and the occasion arose when the Company had to ask the government for a loan of £1,000,000. But, while the Company’s enemies were many and powerful, it was not without powerful friends in the Parliament; moreover, the king, George III, was its patron. The Company, therefore, fought back.

In the end, the Parliament worked out a compromise by which the interests of the Company and of the various influential sections of British society were delicately balanced. It was decided that the British government would control the basic policies of the Company’s Indian administration so that British rule in India was carried on in the interests of the British upper classes as a whole.

At the same time the Company would retain its monopoly of Eastern trade and the valuable right of appointing its officials in India. The details of Indian administration were also left to the directors of the Company.

The first important parliamentary act regarding the Company’s affairs was the Regulating Act of 1773. This Act made changes in the constitution of the Court of Directors of the Company and subjected their actions to the supervision of the British Government. The Regulating Act soon broke down in practice. It had not given the British government effective and decisive control over the Company.

The Act had also failed to resolve the conflict between the Company and its opponents in England who were daily growing stronger and more vocal. Moreover, the Company remained extremely vulnerable to the attacks of its enemies as the administration of its Indian possessions continued to be corrupt, oppressive, and economically disastrous.

The defects of the Regulating Act and the exigencies of British politics necessitated the passing in 1784 of another important act known as the Pitt’s India Act. This Act gave the British government supreme control over the company’s affairs and its administration in India. It established six commissioners for the affairs of India, popularly known as the Board of Control, including two Cabinet Ministers.

The Board of Control was to guide and control the work of the Court of Directors and the Government of India. The Act placed the Government of India in the hands of the Governor-General and a Council of three, so that if the Governor-General could get the support of even one member, he could have his way.

The Act clearly subordinated the Bombay and Madras Presidencies to Bengal in all questions of war, diplomacy, and revenues.

With this Act began a new phase of the British conquest of India. While the East India Company became the instrument of British national policy, India was to be made to serve the interests of all sections of the ruling classes of Britain.

The Company, having saved its monopoly of the Indian and Chinese trade, was satisfied. Its directors retained the profitable right of appointing and dismissing its British officials in India. Moreover, the Government of India was to be carried out through their agency.

While the Pitt’s India Act laid down the general framework in which the Government of India was to be carried on till 1857, later enactments brought about several important changes which gradually diminished the powers and privileges of the Company. In 1786, the Governor-General was given the authority to overrule his Council in matters of importance affecting safety, peace, or the interests of the empire in India.

By the Charter Act of 1813, the trade monopoly of the Company in India was ended and trade with India was thrown open to all British subjects. But trade in tea and trade with China was still exclusive to the Company. The government and the revenues of India continued to be in the hands of the Company. The Company also continued to appoint its officials in India.

The Charter Act of 1833 brought the Company’s monopoly of tea trade and trade with China to an end. At the same time, the debts of the Company were taken over by the Government of India, which was also to pay its shareholders a IOV2 per cent dividend on their capital. The Government of India continued to be run by the Company under the strict control of the Board of Control.

Thus the various acts of Parliament discussed above completely subordinated the Company and its Indian administration to the British Government. At the same time, it was recognised that day- to-day administration of India could not be run or even superintended from a distance of 6,000 miles.

Supreme authority in India was, therefore, delegated to the Governor-General-in-Council. The Governor-General, having the authority to overrule his Council on important questions, became in fact the real, effective ruler of India, functioning under the superintendence, control and direction of the British government.

The British created a new system of administration in India to serve their purposes. But before we discuss the salient features of this system, it would be better if we first examine the purposes which it was designed to serve, for the main function of the administrative system of a country is to accomplish the aims and objects of its rulers.

The chief aim of the British was to enable them to exploit India economically to the maximum advantage of various British interests, ranging from the Company to the Lancashire manufacturers.

In 1793, Lord Cornwallis, the Governor-General, defined two primary objectives for the Bengal government. It must ‘ensure its political safety and it must render the possession of the country as advantageous as possible to the East India Company and the British nation’.

At the same time India was to be made to bear the full cost of its own conquest as well as of foreign rule. An examination of the economic policies of the British in India is, therefore, of prime importance.

India is perhaps the sole example in human history where a trading company took over the reins of government and continued to be a trading company even thereafter. Quite obviously the first and the last objective of the company continued to be profit making. Governance instead of being a vehicle for public welfare was reduced and degenerated to a tool for maximising the company’s profits. The most visible impact of the company’s policies therefore was disempowerment of the upper class zamindars, impoverishment of the common man and total marginalisation of the local artisans.

The British Raj was the period of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947. It was a complex System of Government that was divided into three main parts: the central government, the provincial governments, and the local governments.

The central government was responsible for matters of national importance, such as defense and foreign affairs. It was headed by the Viceroy, who was appointed by the British government. The Viceroy was assisted by a council of ministers, who were also appointed by the British government.

The provincial governments were responsible for matters of provincial importance, such as law and order. They were headed by a governor, who was appointed by the Viceroy. The governors were assisted by a council of ministers, who were appointed by the governor.

The local governments were responsible for matters of local importance, such as sanitation and Education. They were headed by a district officer, who was appointed by the provincial government. The district officers were assisted by a council of local representatives.

The British Raj was a period of great change for India. The British introduced a number of new ideas and institutions to India, such as the English language, Western education, and Western law. These changes had a profound impact on Indian Society and culture.

The British Raj also had a number of negative effects on India. The British exploited India’s resources for their own benefit, and they often treated Indians with contempt. This led to a great deal of resentment among Indians, which eventually erupted in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was a major uprising against British rule in India. The rebellion began on May 10, 1857, when a group of Indian soldiers, or sepoys, mutinied at Meerut in northern India. The rebellion quickly spread to other parts of India, and by the end of 1857, it had become a major threat to British rule.

The British were able to suppress the rebellion, but it had a profound impact on British policy in India. The British government realized that it needed to make some changes in order to maintain its rule in India. As a result, the British government abolished the East India Company and took direct control of India.

The British Raj continued until 1947, when India gained independence. The British Raj was a period of great change for India, and it had a profound impact on Indian society and culture.

The following are some of the key events that took place during the British Raj:

1757: The Battle of Plassey, in which the British East India Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah. This victory gave the British control of Bengal, and it marked the beginning of British rule in India.
1857: The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. This was a major uprising against British rule in India. The rebellion was suppressed by the British, but it had a profound impact on British policy in India.
1858: The British government abolished the East India Company and took direct control of India. This marked the beginning of the British Raj.
1885: The Indian National Congress was founded. This was the first major Indian political organization, and it played a leading role in the struggle for Indian independence.
1947: India gained independence from British rule. This was a major turning point in Indian history, and it marked the end of the British Raj.

The British Raj was a complex and controversial period in Indian history. It had a profound impact on Indian society and culture, and it continues to be debated by historians today.

Policy of Subsidiary Alliance

What was the policy of subsidiary alliance?

The policy of subsidiary alliance was a system of military alliances between the British East India Company and Indian princely states. Under the terms of the alliance, the Indian states agreed to provide the British with troops and to cede control of their foreign affairs in return for British protection.

When was the policy of subsidiary alliance introduced?

The policy of subsidiary alliance was introduced in the early 18th century by the British East India Company.

Why was the policy of subsidiary alliance introduced?

The policy of subsidiary alliance was introduced by the British East India Company in order to consolidate their control over India. The Company was concerned about the growing power of the Indian princely states and wanted to ensure that they could not pose a threat to British interests.

What were the effects of the policy of subsidiary alliance?

The policy of subsidiary alliance had a number of effects on India. It led to the decline of the Indian princely states, as they became increasingly dependent on the British. It also led to the Growth of British power in India, as the Company became the dominant force in the subcontinent.

What was the impact of the policy of subsidiary alliance on the Indian people?

The policy of subsidiary alliance had a mixed impact on the Indian people. On the one hand, it brought peace and stability to many parts of India. On the other hand, it led to the loss of Indian independence and to the exploitation of Indian resources by the British.

Doctrine of Lapse

What was the doctrine of lapse?

The doctrine of lapse was a policy adopted by the British East India Company in the 19th century. Under the doctrine, any Indian princely state whose ruler died without a male heir would be annexed by the British.

When was the doctrine of lapse introduced?

The doctrine of lapse was introduced in 1843 by Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India.

Why was the doctrine of lapse introduced?

The doctrine of lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie in order to consolidate British power in India. Dalhousie believed that the doctrine would prevent the fragmentation of Indian princely states and would make it easier for the British to control India.

What were the effects of the doctrine of lapse?

The doctrine of lapse had a number of effects on India. It led to the annexation of a number of Indian princely states, including Satara, Nagpur, and Jhansi. It also led to the resentment of many Indian princes and to the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

What was the impact of the doctrine of lapse on the Indian people?

The doctrine of lapse had a negative impact on the Indian people. It led to the loss of Indian independence and to the exploitation of Indian resources by the British.

Structure of British Raj Upto 1857

What was the structure of the British Raj?

The British Raj was the system of government that the British East India Company established in India in the 18th century. The Raj was a complex system that included both British and Indian institutions.

What were the main features of the British Raj?

The main features of the British Raj were:

A dual system of government, with British officials and Indian princes sharing power.
A system of law and order based on British common law.
A system of education based on British models.
A system of Economic Development that benefited the British more than the Indians.
What were the effects of the British Raj on India?

The British Raj had a number of effects on India. It led to the decline of the Indian economy, the destruction of Indian culture, and the exploitation of Indian resources. It also led to the rise of Indian nationalism and to the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The British East India Company was granted a charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600. What was the purpose of the charter?
(A) To establish a trading company in India
(B) To establish a colony in India
(C) To establish a military presence in India
(D) To establish a government in India
The British East India Company began to expand its territory in India in the 18th century. What was the main reason for this expansion?
(A) To gain access to Indian markets
(B) To gain access to Indian resources
(C) To gain control of the Indian subcontinent
(D) To spread Christianity in India
The British East India Company was able to defeat the Indian Mughal Empire in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. What was the significance of this victory?
(A) It marked the beginning of British rule in India
(B) It gave the British control of the Bengal region
(C) It led to the decline of the Mughal Empire
(D) All of the above
The British East India Company was granted the Diwani of Bengal in 1765. What did this mean?
(A) The Company was given the right to collect taxes in Bengal
(B) The Company was given the right to administer Bengal
(C) The Company was given the right to rule Bengal
(D) All of the above
The British East India Company was able to consolidate its control over India in the 19th century. What were some of the factors that contributed to this success?
(A) The Company’s military superiority
(B) The Company’s economic power
(C) The Company’s political influence
(D) All of the above
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was a major uprising against British rule in India. What were some of the causes of the rebellion?
(A) The Company’s use of Indian soldiers to fight in wars outside of India
(B) The Company’s introduction of new regulations that were seen as disrespectful to Indian religious beliefs
(C) The Company’s economic policies, which were seen as benefiting British interests at the expense of Indian interests
(D) All of the above
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was ultimately unsuccessful, but it had a significant impact on British rule in India. What were some of the consequences of the rebellion?
(A) The British government took direct control of India from the Company
(B) The British government abolished the practice of using Indian soldiers to fight in wars outside of India
(C) The British government made a number of reforms to its policies in India
(D) All of the above
The British Raj was the period of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947. What was the structure of the British Raj?
(A) The British government was responsible for foreign affairs and defense, while the Indian government was responsible for domestic affairs
(B) The British government was responsible for all aspects of government in India
(C) The Indian government was responsible for all aspects of government in India, with the British government providing some oversight
(D) The Indian government was a puppet government that was controlled by the British government
The British Raj was a period of great change for India. What were some of the positive effects of British rule in India?
(A) The British introduced a number of modern technologies to India
(B) The British built a number of Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE projects in India
(C) The British promoted education and economic development in India
(D) All of the above
The British Raj was also a period of great hardship for India. What were some of the negative effects of British rule in India?
(A) The British exploited India’s resources for their own benefit
(B) The British discriminated against Indians in many areas of life
(C) The British divided India along religious lines
(D) All of the above