Periodic Table and Periodicity

Criteria for a new element discovery

Assessing if an element has been “discovered” is not a simple task. While reviewing the discovery profiles of the transfermium Elements in the early 90s’, IUPAC and IUPAP set up to establish a series of criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of an element to be recognized.

Temporary name and symbol

While an element can have been claimed, before the claim has been validated and before the element is formally named, the element has a temporary name and symbol.

Validation and assignation of an element discovery

Claims for the discoveries of new elements appear time to time in the scientific literature. IUPAC, along with IUPAP, is involved in assessing these claims. In result, IUPAC technical reports are released that review each pertaining references and recognize the laboratory whose claims fulfill the agreed criteria.

Naming new element

When the discovery of a new element has been validated and the priority for its discovery has been assigned, the naming process can begin. The Laboratory to which the discovery has been assigned is invited to propose a name and symbol. IUPAC will then review the proposal, and if agreed, after an additional 5-month public review, will formalize the name.

Periodicity

Periodicity refers to trends or recurring variations in element properties with increasing atomic number. Periodicity is caused by regular and predictable variations in element Atomic structure.

Mendeleev organized elements according to recurring properties to make a periodic table of elements. Elements within a group (column) display similar characteristics. The rows in the periodic table (the periods) reflect the filling of electrons shells around the nucleus, so when a new row begins, the elements stack on top of each other with similar properties. For example, helium and neon are both fairly unreactive gases that glow when an electric current is passed through them. Lithium and sodium both have a +1 oxidation state and are reactive, shiny metals.

Periodicity was helpful to Mendeleev because it showed him gaps in his periodic table where elements should be. This helped scientists find new elements because they could be expected to display certain characteristics based on the location they would take in the periodic table. Now that the elements have been discovered, scientists and students used periodicity to make predictions about how elements will behave in chemical reactions and their physical properties. Periodicity helps chemists predict how the new, superheavy elements might look and behave.

Periodicity can include many different properties, but the key recurring trends are:

Ionization Energy

This is the energy needed to completely remove an electron from an atom or ion. Ionization energy increases moving left to right across the table and decreases moving down a group.

Electronegativity

A measure of how readily an atom forms a chemical bond. Electronegativity increases moving left to right across a period and decrease moving down a group.

Atomic Radius

This is half the distance between the middle of two atoms just touching each other. Atomic radius decreases moving left to right across a period and increases moving down a group. Ionic radius is the distance for ions of the atoms and follows the same trend.

Electron Affinity

This is a measure of readily an atom accepts an electron. Electron affinity increases moving across a period and decreases moving down a group. Nonmetals usually have higher electron affinities than metals.,

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the periodic table shows periodic trends. These trends include elements with similar chemical properties appearing in vertical columns, or groups, and elements with similar physical properties appearing in horizontal rows, or periods.

The periodic table is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding the chemical elements. It can be used to predict the properties of elements that have not yet been discovered, and to understand the relationships between different elements.

The periodic table has a long and rich history. The first periodic table was created by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Mendeleev’s table was based on the atomic weights of the elements, and he arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight. Mendeleev also left gaps in his table, which he predicted would be filled by elements that had not yet been discovered.

Mendeleev’s table was a revolutionary breakthrough, and it is still used today in a modified form. The modern periodic table is based on the atomic number of the elements, which is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, and they are grouped together based on their chemical properties.

The periodic table is a valuable tool for chemists, physicists, and other scientists. It can be used to predict the properties of elements, to understand the relationships between different elements, and to organize and understand the vast amount of information about the chemical elements.

The periodic table is divided into four main blocks: s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block. The s-block elements are the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals. The p-block elements are the halogens, the noble gases, and the metalloids. The d-block elements are the transition metals. The f-block elements are the inner transition metals.

The elements in each block have similar chemical properties. The alkali metals are all very reactive metals that react with water to form hydroxides. The alkaline earth metals are also very reactive metals, but they are not as reactive as the alkali metals. The halogens are all very reactive nonmetals that react with metals to form salts. The noble gases are all very unreactive gases that do not react with other elements. The metalloids are elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. The transition metals are metals that have a wide range of properties. The inner transition metals are metals that have very similar properties to the transition metals.

The periodic table is a powerful tool for understanding the chemical elements. It can be used to predict the properties of elements, to understand the relationships between different elements, and to organize and understand the vast amount of information about the chemical elements.

Here are some of the applications of the periodic table:

Predicting the properties of elements: The periodic table can be used to predict the properties of elements that have not yet been discovered. This is done by looking at the properties of the elements that are already known and extrapolating to the properties of the undiscovered elements.
Understanding the relationships between different elements: The periodic table can be used to understand the relationships between different elements. This is done by looking at the elements that are in the same group or period. Elements in the same group have similar properties, while elements in the same period have properties that change gradually.
Organizing and understanding the vast amount of information about the chemical elements: The periodic table is a valuable tool for organizing and understanding the vast amount of information about the chemical elements. This information includes the atomic number, atomic mass, electron configuration, and chemical properties of each element.

The periodic table is a powerful tool that has revolutionized the way we understand the chemical elements. It is a valuable tool for chemists, physicists, and other scientists.

What is the definition of a chemical element?

A chemical element is a pure substance consisting of one type of atom with the same number of protons in the nucleus.

What are the different types of chemical elements?

There are 118 known chemical elements, and they are divided into metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

What are the properties of chemical elements?

The properties of chemical elements are determined by the number of protons in the nucleus. Elements with the same number of protons are called isotopes.

What are the uses of chemical elements?

Chemical elements are used in a variety of products, including food, medicine, and electronics.

What is the history of the periodic table?

The periodic table was created by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic number, and he predicted the existence of elements that had not yet been discovered.

What are the trends in the periodic table?

There are several trends in the periodic table, including the atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and valence electron configuration.

What are the applications of the periodic table?

The periodic table is used in a variety of applications, including chemistry, physics, and biology.

What are the limitations of the periodic table?

The periodic table is a model, and it is not perfect. Some elements do not fit neatly into the table, and there are some gaps in the table.

What are the future directions of research on the periodic table?

Researchers are continuing to study the periodic table, and they are looking for new elements and new ways to use the table.

What are the ethical issues surrounding the periodic table?

The periodic table is a tool that can be used for good or for evil. It is important to use the table responsibly and to be aware of the potential consequences of its use.

Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Periodic Table and Periodicity:

Which of the following is not a property of metals?
(A) They are good Conductors of heat and electricity.
(B) They are shiny.
(C) They are ductile.
(D) They are brittle.
Which of the following is not a property of non-metals?
(A) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
(B) They are dull.
(C) They are brittle.
(D) They are non-lustrous.
Which of the following is not a property of metalloids?
(A) They have properties of both Metals and Non-metals.
(B) They are semiconductors.
(C) They are brittle.
(D) They are ductile.
Which of the following is the most electronegative element?
(A) Fluorine
(B) Oxygen
(C) Nitrogen
(D) Chlorine
Which of the following is the most electropositive element?
(A) Francium
(B) Cesium
(C) Potassium
(D) Sodium
Which of the following is the most reactive element?
(A) Fluorine
(B) Oxygen
(C) Nitrogen
(D) Chlorine
Which of the following is the least reactive element?
(A) Francium
(B) Cesium
(C) Potassium
(D) Sodium
Which of the following is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust?
(A) Oxygen
(B) Silicon
(C) Aluminum
(D) Iron
Which of the following is the most abundant element in the universe?
(A) Hydrogen
(B) Helium
(C) Oxygen
(D) Carbon
Which of the following is the most common gas in the Earth’s Atmosphere?
(A) Nitrogen
(B) Oxygen
(C) Argon
(D) Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is the most common liquid on Earth?
(A) Water
(B) Oil
(C) Blood
(D) Urine
Which of the following is the most common solid on Earth?
(A) Rock
(B) Soil
(C) Sand
(D) Ice
Which of the following is the most common Metal on Earth?
(A) Iron
(B) Aluminum
(C) Copper
(D) Gold
Which of the following is the most common non-metal on Earth?
(A) Oxygen
(B) Silicon
(C) Aluminum
(D) Carbon
Which of the following is the most common metalloid on Earth?
(A) Boron
(B) Silicon
(C) Germanium
(D) Arsenic

I hope these MCQs are helpful!