–2/”>a >DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”>
Economic contribution
External trade was carried on between South India and Hellenistic kingdom of Egypt and Arabia as well as the Malay Archipelago. The author of the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea (75 A.D.) gives the most valuable information about the trade between India and the Roman Empire. He mentions the port of Naura (Cannanore) Tyndis (Tondi), Muzuris (Musiri, Cranganore), and Nelcynda as the leading ones on the west coast.
Other Ports of South India were Balita (Varkalai), Comari, Colchi, Puhar (Khaberis of Ptolemy), Saliyur, Poduca (Arikamedu) and Sopatma (Markanam). A landmark in the development of communications was the discovery of the Monsoon Winds by the Greek sailor Hippalus in around A.D. 46-47.
Connected with the phenomenon of trade was the Growth of Money economy in the early centuries. The imported coins were mostly used as bullions. The large quantities of gold and silver coins struck by all the Roman emperors beginning from the reign of Augustus (and that of Tiberius) down to Nero (54-58 A. D.) found in the interior of Tamil land, testify to the extent of the trade and the presence of Roman settlers in the Tamil country.
Political contribution
The Pandya territory occupied the southern-most and the south-eastern portion of the Indian peninsula, and it roughly included the modern districts of Tinnevelly, Ramnad and Madurai in Tamilnadu. It had its capital at Madurai. The Pandyas are rightly famous for patronising the poets and scholars of the Tamil Sangams.
The earliest known Pandyan ruler was Mudukudumi who is mentioned in the Sangam text as a great conqueror. The most reputed Pandyan ruler was Nedunjhelian, who ruled from Madurai and was a great poet.
According to Silappadikaram, Nedunjhelian, in a fit of passion, ordered without judicial enquiry the execution of Kovalan who was accused of theft of the queen’s anklet. When Kovalan’s wife proved her husband’s innocence, the king was struck with remorse and died of shock on the throne.
The Pandyan kings profited from trade with the Roman Empire and sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus. The Pandyan port Korkai was a great centres of Trade and Commerce, another port was Saliyur. The brahmanas enjoyed considerable influence, and the Pandya kings performed Vedic sacrifices in the early centuries of the Christian era.
Pandyan architecture
The Pandyas contributed more for the development of architecture. Gopuras, Prakaras, Vimanas, Garbagrahas are the special features of the Pandya Temple Architecture. Temples at Madurai, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Thiruvannamalai, Srirangam are good examples for the development of Pandya architecture. The images of horses and other animals are carved on pillars.The zenith of Pandya architecture are Meenakshi temple at Madurai and Aranganathar temple at Srirangam.
The Pandya period is marked as renaissance period in the field of rock cut temple. The rock cut temples are known for their merit. More than 50 rock cut temples were excavated from the Pandya kingdom. More rock cut temples are found in Thirupparankundram, Anaimalai, Karaikudi, Kalugumalai, Malaiyadikurichi and Trichy. These temples were constructed for Lord Siva and Vishnu. Cave temples are also found in temples at Kalugumalai and Trichy. Rock cut caves were also there.
Structural temples were built on stones. They were simple in style. Each temple consists of Garbagraha, arthamandapa and mahamandapa. Such structural stone temples are found in Kovilpatty, Thiruppathur and Madurai. The Pandya kings constructed structural temples at Ambasamuthram, Thiruppathur. Mannarkudi, Madurai, Alagarkoil. Srivilliputhur and in Chinnmanur, Internal structures of these temples were constructed in a planned manner.
Pandyn sculptures are beautiful and ornamental. Some sculptures are engraved on single stone. They have got more messages and values. Pandya period witnessed renaissance in the art of sculpture. Sculptures of Somaskandar, Durgai, Ganapathy, Narasimha, Nataraja are very good specimens. Sculptures at Kalugumalai, Thirupparankundram, Thiurmalaipuram and Narthamalai are very famous. Vishnu sculpture at Kunnakudi and Nataraja sculpture at Thiurkolakkudi are on par excellence with the sculptures of pallava, chola period. Paintings: The beauty of the Pandya mural painting can be seen in the Chittannavasal cave temples constructed during the time of Srimaran and Srivallaba Pandyan. The ceilings and pillars at Chittannavasal bear the paintings of dancing girls, the kings, the queens, Plants and animals. The picture of lotus, bathing elephants and playing fishes were good at Chittannavasal. Oil painting was also there. They are outstanding examples of pandiya paintings.
Sangam literature
Pandyas are mentioned in Sangam literature (c. 100 – 200 C.E.) as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period. Various Pandyan kings are mentioned in a number of poems in the Sangam literature. Among them, Nedunjeliyan ("the victor of Talaiyalanganam"), Nedunjeliyan ("the conqueror of the Aryan army"), and Mudukudimi Peruvaludi ("of several sacrifices") deserve special mention. Besides several short poems found in the Akananuru and the Purananuru collections, there are two major works, Mathuraikkanci and the Netunalvatai (in the collection of Pattupattu), that give a glimpse into the Society and commercial activities in the Pandyan kingdom during the Sangam Age.
It is difficult to estimate the exact date of these Sangam-age Pandyas. The period covered by the extant literature of the Sangam is unfortunately not easy to determine with any measure of certainty. With the exception of the longer Epics Cilappatikaram and Manimekalai, which by common Consent belong to the age later than the Sangam age, the poems have reached us in the forms of systematic anthologies. Each individual poem generally has attached to it a colophon on the authorship and subject matter of the poem, the name of the king or chieftain to whom the poem relates, and the occasion that called forth the eulogy.
It is from these colophons and rarely from the texts of the poems themselves, that we gather the names of many kings and chieftains and the poets and poetesses patronized by them. The task of reducing these names to an ordered scheme in which the different generations of contemporaries can be marked off has not been easy. To add to the confusion, some historians have even denounced these colophons as later additions and untrustworthy as historical documents.
,
nan
What is the Big Bang Theory?
The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe. It states that the universe was once in an extremely hot and dense state that expanded rapidly. This expansion caused the universe to cool and resulted in its present size and composition.
What is the Theory of Evolution?
The Theory of Evolution is a scientific theory that explains the diversity of life on Earth. It states that all living things are related and that they have evolved over time from a common ancestor. Evolution is a gradual process that is driven by natural selection.
What is the Law of Gravity?
The Law of Gravity is a physical law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
What is the Speed of Light?
The Speed of Light is the speed at which light travels in a vacuum. It is a fundamental constant of nature and is denoted by the letter c. The speed of light is 299,792,458 meters per second.
What is the Earth’s Orbit?
The Earth’s Orbit is the path that the Earth takes around the Sun. The Earth’s orbit is elliptical, which means that it is not a perfect circle. The Earth’s orbit takes 365.25 days to complete.
What is the Earth’s Rotation?
The Earth’s Rotation is the Earth’s movement on its axis. The Earth’s rotation takes 24 hours to complete. The Earth’s rotation causes day and night.
What is the Earth’s Tilt?
The Earth’s Tilt is the angle between the Earth’s axis and its orbital plane. The Earth’s tilt is 23.5 degrees. The Earth’s tilt causes the seasons.
What is the Moon’s Orbit?
The Moon’s Orbit is the path that the Moon takes around the Earth. The Moon’s orbit is elliptical, which means that it is not a perfect circle. The Moon’s orbit takes 27.3 days to complete.
What is the Moon’s Rotation?
The Moon’s Rotation is the Moon’s movement on its axis. The Moon’s rotation takes 27.3 days to complete. The Moon’s rotation is tidally locked to the Earth, which means that the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth.
What is the Sun?
The Sun is a star that is at the center of The Solar System. The Sun is a giant ball of hot gas that is made up of hydrogen and helium. The Sun’s gravity holds The Solar System together.
What are the Planets?
The Planets are eight large objects that orbit the Sun. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The planets are all made up of rock or gas.
What are the Dwarf Planets?
The Dwarf Planets are four small objects that orbit the Sun. The dwarf planets are Ceres, Pluto, Eris, and Makemake. The dwarf planets are all made up of rock or ice.
What are the Asteroids?
The Asteroids are thousands of small objects that orbit the Sun. The asteroids are all made up of rock or Metal. The asteroids are mostly found in the Asteroid Belt, which is a region between Mars and Jupiter.
What are the Comets?
The Comets are small objects that orbit the Sun. The comets are made up of ice, dust, and rock. The comets have long, thin tails that are made up of gas and dust.
What are the Meteoroids?
The Meteoroids are small pieces of rock or metal that orbit the Sun. The meteoroids are very small and most of them burn up in the Earth’s Atmosphere. The meteoroids that do not burn up are called meteors.
What are the Meteorites?
The Meteorites are meteors that have fallen to Earth. The meteorites are made up of rock or metal. The meteorites can be very valuable because they can provide information about the formation of the Solar System.
What is the Milky Way?
The Milky Way is the galaxy that the Earth is in. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, which means that it has a central bulge and spiral arms. The Milky Way is about 100,000 light-years across.
What is a Light-Year?
A Light-Year is a unit of distance that is used to measure the distance to
- The Pandyan dynasty was a Tamil dynasty that ruled over southern India from the 6th to the 13th centuries. They were one of the three major dynasties of Tamilakam, along with Cholas/”>The Cholas and the Cheras.
- The Pandyans were known for their military prowess, their patronage of the arts, and their construction of temples.
- The Pandyan capital was Madurai, which is now a city in Tamil Nadu, India.
- The Pandyans were eventually overthrown by the Cholas in the 13th century.
- However, the Pandyan legacy lives on in the Tamil people, and their history is still celebrated today.
Here are some MCQs about the Pandyan dynasty:
Which of the following is not a major dynasty of Tamilakam?
(A) The Pandyans
(B) The Cholas
(C) The Cheras
(D) The PallavasThe Pandyan capital was located in which city?
(A) Madurai
(B) Chennai
(C) Coimbatore
(D) TiruchirappalliThe Pandyans were eventually overthrown by which dynasty?
(A) The Cholas
(B) The Cheras
(C) The Pallavas
(D) The Vijayanagara EmpireThe Pandyans were known for their
(A) Military prowess
(B) Patronage of the arts
(C) Construction of temples
(D) All of the aboveThe Pandyan legacy lives on in the
(A) Tamil people
(B) Tamil language
(C) Tamil culture
(D) All of the above