Official Language- Language of the Union and Regional Languages

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Official Language– Language of the Union and Regional Languages

PART XVII

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE CHAPTER I.-LANGUAGE OF THE UNION

  • Official language of the Union.
  • Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.

CHAPTER II.-REGIONAL LANGUAGES

  • Official language or languages of a State.
  • Official language for Communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
  • Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the Population of State.

CHAPTER III.-LANGUAGE OF The Supreme Court,HIGHCOURTS, ETC.

  • Language to be used in the supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
  • Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.

CHAPTER IV.-SPECIAL DIRECTIVES

  • Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
  • Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
  • Special officer for Linguistic Minorities.
  • Directive for development of the Hindi language.

LANGUAGE OF THE UNION

The Constitution contains the following provisions in respect of the official language of the Union.

  1. Hindi written in Devanagari Script is to be the official language of the Union. But, the form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union has to be the international form of Indian numerals and not the Devanagari form of numerals.
  2. However, for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution (i.e., from 1950 to 1965), the English language would continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used before 1950.
  3. Even after fifteen years, the Parliament may provide for the continued use of English language for the specified purposes.
  4. At the end of five years, and again at the end of ten years, from the commencement of the Constitution, the president should appoint a commission to make recommendations with regard to the progressive use of the Hindi language, restrictions on the use of the English language and other related issues.
  5. A committee of Parliament is to be constituted to examine the recommendations of the commission and to report its views on them to the president.

Accordingly, in 1955, the president appointed an Official Language Commission under the chairmanship of BG Kher. The commission submitted its report to the President in 1956. The report was examined by a committee of Parliament constituted in 1957 under the chairmanship of Gobind Ballabh Pant. However, another Official Language Commission (as envisaged by the Constitution) was not appointed in 1960.

 

REGIONAL LANGUAGES

The Constitution does not specify the official language of different states. In this regard, it makes the following provisions:

  • The legislature of a state may adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the state or Hindi as the official language of that state. Until that is done, English is to continue as official language of that state.
  • Under this provision, most of the states have adopted the major regional language as their official language.
  • For example, Andhra Pradesh has adopted Telugu, Kerala—Malayalam, Assam Assamese, West Bengal—Bengali, Odisha—Odia. The nine northern states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Haryana and Rajasthan have adopted Hindi. Gujarat has adopted Hindi in addition to Gujarati.
  • Similarly, Goa has adopted Marathi in addition to Konkani Jammu and Kashmir has adopted Urdu (and not Kashmiri). On the other hand, certain north-eastern States like Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland have adopted English. Notably, the choice of the state is not limited to the languages enumerated in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
  • For the time being, the official language of the Union (i.e., English) would remain the link language for communications between the Union and the states or between various states. But, two or more states are free to agree to use Hindi (instead of English) for communication between themselves.
  • Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar are some of the states that have entered into such agreements. The Official Language Act (1963) lays down that English should be used for purposes of communication between the Union and the non-Hindi states (that is, the states that have not adopted Hindi as their official language).
  • Further, where Hindi is used for communication between a Hindi and a non-Hindi state, such communication in Hindi should be accompanied by an English translation.
  • When the President (on a demand being made) is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a state desire the use of any language spoken by them to be recognised by that state, then he may direct that such language shall also be officially recognised in that state.
  • This provision aims at protecting the linguistic interests of minorities in the states.

 

LANGUAGE OF THE JUDICIARY AND TEXTS OF LAWS

The constitutional provisions dealing with the language of the courts and legislation are as follows:

  1. Until Parliament provides otherwise, the following are to be in the English language only:
    1. All proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every hig
    2. The authoritative texts of all bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations and byelaws at the Central and state levels court.
  2. However, the governor of a state, with the previous Consent of the president, can authorise the use of Hindi or any other official language of the state, in the proceedings in the High Court of the state, but not with respect to the judgements, decrees and orders passed by it. In other words, the judgements, decrees and orders of the high court must continue to be in English only (until Parliament otherwise provides).
  3. Similarly, a State Legislature can prescribe the use of any language (other than English) with respect to bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations or bye-laws, but a translation of the same in the English language is to be published.
  • The Official Language Act of 1963 lays down that Hindi translation of acts, ordinances, orders, regulations and bye-laws published under the authority of the president are deemed to be authoritative texts.
  • Further, every bill introduced in the Parliament is to be accompanied by a Hindi translation. Similarly, there is to be a Hindi translation of state acts or ordinances in certain cases.
  • The act also enables the governor of a state, with the previous consent of the president, to authorize the use of Hindi or any other official language of the state for judgements, decrees and orders passed by the high court of the state but they should be accompanied by an English translation. For example, Hindi is used in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan for this purpose.
  • However, the Parliament has not made any provision for the use of Hindi in the Supreme Court.
  • Hence, the Supreme Court hears only those who petition or appeal in English. In 1971, a petitioner insisted on arguing in Hindi a Habeas Corpus petition in the Supreme Court. But, the Court cancelled his petition on the ground that the language of the Court was English and allowing Hindi would be unconstitutional.

Development of Hindi Language

  • The Constitution imposes a duty upon the Centre to promote the spread and development of the Hindi language so that it may become the lingua franca of the composite culture of India.
  • Further, the Centre is directed to secure the enrichment of Hindi by assimilating the forms, style and expressions used in hindustani and in other languages specified in the Eighth Schedule and by drawing its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.

the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution

  • At present, the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution specifies 22 languages (originally 14 languages).
  • These are Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili (Maithili), Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Sindhi was added by the 21st Amendment Act of 1967; Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added by the 71st Amendment Act of 1992; and Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali were added by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.

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An official language is a language that is given a special status in a country or region, often by being the language of government, Education, and the media. Official languages are often used in court proceedings, and may be required for certain jobs or activities.

Regional languages are languages that are spoken in a particular region or area, but are not official languages of the country or region. Regional languages may be used in everyday life, but they may not be used in government or education.

Language policy is a set of rules and regulations that govern the use of language in a country or region. Language policy can be used to promote or protect certain languages, or to regulate the use of languages in different domains.

Language planning is the process of developing and implementing language policy. Language planning can involve a variety of activities, such as developing language standards, providing language education, and promoting the use of certain languages.

Language education is the process of teaching and Learning a language. Language education can take place in formal settings, such as schools, or in informal settings, such as through the media or the Internet.

Language use is the way in which people use language in their everyday lives. Language use can be affected by a variety of factors, such as the social context, the purpose of communication, and the relationship between the speakers.

Language rights are the rights of individuals and groups to use their own language. Language rights can be protected by law, or by social norms and practices.

Language conflict is a dispute between two or more groups over the use of language. Language conflict can arise for a variety of reasons, such as competition for Resources, political power, or cultural identity.

Language revitalization is the process of reviving a language that is in danger of dying out. Language revitalization can involve a variety of activities, such as developing language materials, providing language education, and promoting the use of the language.

Language death is the process of a language disappearing from use. Language death can be caused by a variety of factors, such as the death of speakers, the loss of a language community, or the shift to another language.

Language diversity is the variety of languages that are spoken in a particular area or region. Language diversity can be a source of richness and cultural identity, but it can also be a challenge, as it can make communication and understanding difficult.

Multilingualism is the ability to speak more than one language. Multilingualism can be acquired through formal education, informal learning, or through exposure to multiple languages in the home or community.

Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages fluently. Bilingualism can be acquired through formal education, informal learning, or through exposure to two languages in the home or community.

Diglossia is a situation in which two languages are used in different domains, such as education, government, and the media. Diglossia can be found in many countries around the world, and it can have a significant impact on the way in which people use language.

Pidginization is the process of creating a new language from two or more existing languages. Pidgins are often used for communication between people who do not share a common language.

Creolization is the process of a pidgin becoming a fully-fledged language. Creoles are often used as the first language of a community, and they can have a significant impact on the culture and identity of that community.

In conclusion, language is a complex and fascinating topic. There are many different ways to think about language, and there are many different ways to use language. Language can be a source of conflict, but it can also be a source of richness and cultural identity. Language is a vital part of human life, and it is important to understand the many ways in which it can be used.

What is the official language of India?

The official language of India is Hindi. However, English is also recognized as an official language.

What are the regional Languages of India?

There are 22 regional languages in India. These languages are:

  • Assamese
  • Bengali
  • Bodo
  • Dogri
  • Gujarati
  • Hindi
  • Kannada
  • Kashmiri
  • Konkani
  • Maithili
  • Malayalam
  • Manipuri
  • Marathi
  • Nepali
  • Oriya
  • Punjabi
  • Sanskrit
  • Sindhi
  • Tamil
  • Telugu
  • Urdu

What is the difference between an official language and a regional language?

An official language is a language that is used for government and legal purposes. A regional language is a language that is spoken by a large number of people in a particular region of India.

What are the benefits of having an official language?

Having an official language can help to promote unity and national integration. It can also make it easier for people from different parts of India to communicate with each other.

What are the challenges of having an official language?

One challenge of having an official language is that it can marginalize minority languages. Another challenge is that it can be difficult to enforce the use of an official language in a country with such a diverse population.

What is the future of language policy in India?

The future of language policy in India is uncertain. Some people believe that the government should promote the use of Hindi as the official language of India. Others believe that the government should recognize all of the regional languages of India as official languages. It is possible that the government will adopt a policy of multilingualism, in which all of the languages of India are recognized as official languages.

Sure, here are some MCQs on the topics of Indian languages, without mentioning the topic of Official Language- Language of the Union and Regional Languages:

  1. Which of the following is not an Indian language?
    (A) Hindi
    (B) English
    (C) Tamil
    (D) Spanish

  2. Which of the following is the most spoken language in India?
    (A) Hindi
    (B) English
    (C) Tamil
    (D) Bengali

  3. Which of the following is the official language of India?
    (A) Hindi
    (B) English
    (C) Tamil
    (D) Bengali

  4. Which of the following is the national language of India?
    (A) Hindi
    (B) English
    (C) Tamil
    (D) Bengali

  5. Which of the following is the mother tongue of the majority of Indians?
    (A) Hindi
    (B) English
    (C) Tamil
    (D) Bengali

  6. Which of the following is the language spoken by the largest number of people in the world?
    (A) Hindi
    (B) English
    (C) Mandarin Chinese
    (D) Spanish

  7. Which of the following is the language spoken by the largest number of people in India?
    (A) Hindi
    (B) English
    (C) Tamil
    (D) Bengali

  8. Which of the following is the language spoken by the largest number of people in the United States?
    (A) English
    (B) Spanish
    (C) Chinese
    (D) French

  9. Which of the following is the language spoken by the largest number of people in the United Kingdom?
    (A) English
    (B) Welsh
    (C) Scottish Gaelic
    (D) Irish Gaelic

  10. Which of the following is the language spoken by the largest number of people in China?
    (A) Mandarin Chinese
    (B) Cantonese
    (C) Shanghainese
    (D) Wu

I hope these MCQs were helpful!