Odisha Human Development Index

Odisha Human Development index

• Human development is a process of enlarging people’s choices. But human development is also the objective, so it is both a process and an outcome.
• Human development implies that people must influence the processes that shape their lives. In all this, economic Growth is an important means to human development, but not the end.
• Human development is the development of the people through building human capabilities, by the people through active participation in the processes that shape their lives and for the people by improving their lives.
• It is broader than other approaches, such as the human resource approach, the basic needs approach and the human welfare approach.
• The composite Human Development Index (HDI) integrates three basic dimensions of human development. Life expectancy at birth reflects the ability to lead a long and healthy life. Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling reflect the ability to acquire knowledge. And gross NATIONAL INCOME per capita reflects the ability to achieve a decent standard of living
• To measure human development more comprehensively, the Human Development Report also presents four other composite indices.
• The Inequality-adjusted HDI Discounts the HDI according to the extent of inequality. The Gender Development Index compares female and male HDI values.
• The Gender Inequality Index highlights Women’s Empowerment. And the Multidimensional POVERTY Index measures nonincome dimensions of poverty

Human development—a people-centred approach

• Human development is about acquiring more capabilities and enjoying more opportunities to use those capabilities. With more capabilities and opportunities, people have more choices, and expanding choices is at the core of the human development approach. But human development is also a process.
• Anchored in Human Rights, it is linked to human security. And its ultimate objective is to enlarge human freedoms. Human development is development of the people through the building of human Resources, for the people through the translation of development benefits in their lives and by the people through active participation in the processes that influence and shape their lives.
• Income is a means to human development but not an end in itself. The human development approach in the 1990 Human Development Report also introduced a composite index, the Human Development Index (HDI), for assessing achievements in the basic dimensions of human development. Those dimensions of human development are to lead a long and healthy life, measured by life expectancy at birth; to acquire knowledge, measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and to achieve a decent standard of living, measured by gross national income per capita.

Life Expectancy at Birth

• The indicator of life expectancy at birth is used to measure the realised achievement in the Health dimension, that is, ‘to be able to live a long life’.
• The life expectancy at birth denotes the number of years that a child can expect to live at the time of birth, given the agespecific mortality rates in the Population.
• The life expectancy, however, is an indicator of very long-term improvement in health.
• For state of Odisha life expectancy at birth is about 65.8

Mean Years of Schooling

• Mean Years of Schooling (MYS) is one of the two indicators used to measure educational achievement in HDRs by UNDP.
• It replaced the Literacy rate as an indicator under the Education dimension in 2010. MYS indicates the Average number of completed years of education of a country’s population.
• Usually, MYS is estimated for populations aged 25 years and older, which is also the indicator used in the calculation of the HDI by UNDP
• Although 10 years of primary education is mandatory in Odisha, the literacy rate is only 73.5%, which is marginally behind of the national average of 74.04%.
• The government of India has undertaken steps to improve women’s literacy in the tribal pockets in the state and elsewhere in India.
• Male literacy is 75.95% and female literacy is 50.97%.Among the districts, Malkangiri has the lowest literacy rate of 31.26%.
• Among the women, lowest literacy level is in Nabarangpur district, at 21.02%, and Malkangiri district at 21.28%.Khurda district which includes Bhubaneswar city, has the highest literacy of 80.19%. This district also has the highest female literacy of 71.06%.
• The high literacy figures of Khurda district is certainly influenced by the inclusion of the state capital in the statistics.
• Next to Khurda comes Jagatsinghpur district with 79.61% literates.
• The literacy level in Orissa at 63.61% is comparable with all-India average of 65.38%.

Expected Years of Schooling

• EYS is a measure of the number of years of schooling a child at the start of his or her education is expected to receive, if current rates of enrolment are maintained throughout the child’s life.

Income Per Capita

• Income per capita is considered as an ‘indirect’ indicator of human development. The first HDR of UNDP (1990) observes that an indicator of ‘command over resources needed for a decent living’ requires data on access to land, credit, income and other sources.
• In 2010, instead of GDP per capita, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is taken as the indicator.
• For allowing cross-country comparison, the GNI per capita of the countries was adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) ratios.
• For Odisha state per capita income is about 98,095 (2017-18).

21st century skills

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The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. Odisha, a state in eastern India, has a HDI of 0.634, which ranks it 130th out of 189 countries in the world. This means that Odisha is a medium human development country.

Odisha’s HDI has been increasing steadily over the past few decades. In 1990, Odisha’s HDI was 0.394, which ranked it 169th out of 174 countries. This means that Odisha’s HDI has increased by 57% since 1990.

The three components of the HDI are life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and expected years of schooling. Odisha’s life expectancy at birth is 68.1 years, which is higher than the national average of 67.3 years. Odisha’s mean years of schooling are 6.4 years, which is lower than the national average of 7.2 years. Odisha’s expected years of schooling are 10.6 years, which is higher than the national average of 10.2 years.

Odisha’s HDI inequality-adjusted value is 0.554, which ranks it 117th out of 189 countries. This means that Odisha’s HDI is lower than it would be if there were no inequality in the distribution of income.

The three components of the HDI inequality-adjusted index are life expectancy at birth inequality-adjusted, mean years of schooling inequality-adjusted, and expected years of schooling inequality-adjusted. Odisha’s life expectancy at birth inequality-adjusted is 66.6 years, which is lower than the national average of 67.3 years. Odisha’s mean years of schooling inequality-adjusted is 6.1 years, which is lower than the national average of 7.2 years. Odisha’s expected years of schooling inequality-adjusted is 10.2 years, which is lower than the national average of 10.2 years.

The HDI is a useful tool for measuring the progress of a country in terms of human development. However, it is important to note that the HDI is a composite index and does not capture all aspects of human development. For example, the HDI does not measure the distribution of income or wealth, or the level of social and political freedom.

Despite its limitations, the HDI is a valuable tool for tracking the progress of countries in terms of human development. The HDI can be used to identify areas where a country needs to improve, and to track the progress of a country over time.

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country’s HDI value is a summary measure of its achievements in key areas of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, and having a decent standard of living.

What are the three pillars of the HDI?

The three pillars of the HDI are life expectancy, education, and per capita income.

• Life expectancy is a measure of the average number of years that a person is expected to live. It is calculated by taking the number of births in a given year and dividing it by the number of deaths in that year.
• Education is a measure of the level of education that a person has attained. It is calculated by taking the number of people who have completed a certain level of education and dividing it by the total population.
• Per capita income is a measure of the average income per person in a country. It is calculated by taking the total income of a country and dividing it by the population.

How is the HDI calculated?

The HDI is calculated by taking the average of the three indicators: life expectancy, education, and per capita income. Each indicator is given a weight of 0.333. The HDI is then ranked on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 being the highest level of human development.

What are the limitations of the HDI?

The HDI has been criticized for being too simplistic and for not taking into account a number of other important factors, such as inequality, Equality/”>Gender Equality, and environmental sustainability.

What are some of the benefits of the HDI?

The HDI has been praised for its simplicity and for providing a useful tool for comparing the level of human development in different countries. It has also been used to track progress over time and to identify areas where there is need for improvement.

What are some of the criticisms of the HDI?

The HDI has been criticized for being too simplistic and for not taking into account a number of other important factors, such as inequality, gender equality, and environmental sustainability. It has also been argued that the HDI is not a good measure of well-being, as it does not take into account factors such as happiness and satisfaction with life.

What are some of the ways in which the HDI can be improved?

The HDI could be improved by taking into account a wider range of factors, such as inequality, gender equality, and environmental sustainability. It could also be improved by using a more sophisticated methodology for calculating the index.

What are some of the alternative measures of human development?

There are a number of alternative measures of human development, such as the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) and the Happy Planet Index (HPI). These measures take into account a wider range of factors than the HDI, such as environmental sustainability and happiness.

Here are some MCQs about the topics of human development, poverty, and inequality:

1. Which of the following is not a human development goal?
   (A) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
   (B) To achieve universal primary education
   (C) To promote gender equality and empower women
   (D) To reduce child mortality
   (E) To improve maternal health

2. Which of the following is not a Millennium Development Goal?
   (A) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
   (B) To achieve universal primary education
   (C) To promote gender equality and empower women
   (D) To reduce child mortality
   (E) To improve maternal health

3. Which of the following is not a Sustainable Development Goal?
   (A) To end poverty in all its forms everywhere
   (B) To end hunger, achieve Food Security and improved Nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
   (C) To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
   (D) To ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
   (E) To achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

4. Which of the following is not a target of the Sustainable Development Goal 1 on poverty?
   (A) By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.90 a day
   (B) By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
   (C) By 2030, ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic Services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, Natural Resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance
   (D) By 2030, build resilient Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, and significantly increase access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
   (E) By 2030, promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive EMPLOYMENT and decent work for all

5. Which of the following is not a target of the Sustainable Development Goal 2 on hunger?
   (A) By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and vulnerable, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
   (B) By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fisherfolk, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and appropriate technologies, and by developing and strengthening relevant policies and institutions
   (C) By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain Ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to Climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and Soil quality
   (D) By 2030, reduce by half per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
   (E) By 2030, promote sustainable agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to Climate Change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality

6. Which of the following is not a target of the Sustainable Development Goal 3 on health?
   (A) By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment, and promote mental health and well-being
   (B) By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
   (C) By 2030, achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and Vaccines for all
   (D) By 2030, strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
   (E) By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment, and promote mental health and well-being

7. Which of the following is not a target of the Sustainable Development Goal 4 on education?
   (A) By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete