Non- metallic and conventional minerals [coal,petroleum and natural gas), (c) hydro electricity and non conventional sources of energy (Solar, Wind, bio-gas),(d) energy sources Their distribution and conservation.

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Petroleum, natural gas, coal, nitrogen, uranium and water power are examples of conventional sources of energy. They’re also called non-renewable sources of energy and are mainly fossil fuels, except water power.

Rising Growth of Population has created a tremendous pressure on the conventional Resources of energy and thus the Concept of Sustainable Development get prominent position.

[su_heading size=”21″]Coal[/su_heading]

Coal in India occurs in two important types of coal fields. They are the Gondwana coal fields and Tertiary coal fields. Out of the total coal reserves and production in India, Gondwana coal fields contribute 98% and the rest 2% is produced by tertiary coal fields.

The Gondwana coal fields are located in the sedimentary rock systems of lower Gondwana Age. They are distributed chiefly in the valleys of the Damodar (Bihar – West Bengal); the Son (Madhya Pradesh); the Mahanadi (Orissa), the Godavari (Andhra Pradesh) and the Wardha (Maharashtra).
Tetiary coalfields occur in the extra-peninsular areas which include Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Sikkim

[su_heading size=”21″]Oil and Natural Gas [/su_heading]

Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.

Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil. About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High, 18 per cent from Gujarat and 16 per cent from Assam.

[su_heading size=”21″]Nuclear Resources [/su_heading]

In India, uranium is embedded in the igneous and Metamorphic Rocks in Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Himalayas. It occurs in Igneous Rocks of Bihar, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. A substantial source of uranium deposits is also found in the monazite sands along the Kerala coasts.
In Jaduguda, Jharkhand uranium occurs associated with hard compact and somewhat mylonitised chlorite-sericite schist and granular metasedimentaries. Indicated Ore reserves at Jaduguda have been estimated at 2.8 Mt with an Average grade of about 0.08% uranium oxide. Uranium is found associated with copper mineralisation in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand and Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh.

Mazor Atomic Minerals are:

Uranium
Monazite
Ilmenite
Rutile
Zircon

Thorium is principally obtained from monazite. The beach sands of Kerala in Palghat and Quilon district contain the world’s richest monazite deposits. It also occurs on the sands of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.

Development of non-conventional sources of energy is of prime importance for the sustainable and Inclusive Growth in the state. Conventional Energy Resources are depleting at an accelerated rate and non-conventional resources could play a leading role in Energy Security in the state.

Non-Conventional energy resources could minimise the transmission cost and energy divide between the remote locations

[su_heading size=”21″]Solar[/su_heading]

Indian has a unique geographical location in the tropical Climate which enables it with high solar radiation intensity throughout the year.
Solar radiation which we receive as heat and Light can be converted to useful thermal energy or for production of electricity either through solar photovoltaic route or through solar thermal route.
Sky is clear with abundant sunlight for about 300 days a year
Solar insulation is greater than 4-7 kwh per square per metre per day for the nation.
Solar Energy could be used as heat energy or could be converted into electricity through photovoltic cells
National Solar Mission

[su_heading size=”21″]Wind[/su_heading]

Wind can be used as a Source Of Energy in those regions where strong and constant winds blow throughout the year. Wind Energy can be used for pumping water for Irrigation and also for generating electricity. India has about 45,000MW estimated wind power potential. Prospective sites for generating electricity wind have been located in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The potential that can be tapped at present is limited to around 13,000 MW. But at present 2,483MW is generated through wind which places India in the fifth position globally after Germany, USA, Denmark and Spain.

[su_heading size=”21″]Hydro Electricity[/su_heading]

Hydroelectricity is electricity that is made by the movement of water. It is usually made with Dams that block a river to make a reservoir or collect water that is pumped there. When the water is released, the huge pressure behind the dam forces the water down pipes that lead to a turbine.

The rivers originating from the northern mountainous region are the most important source of the generation of Hydroelectricity . They have their sources in Glaciers and snowfields, therefore, they are perennial and their flow of water is regular throughout the year. Velocity of flow is high because of dissected terrain and the competition for use of water for other purposes is low.

The northeastern part of this mountainous region, constituting the Brahmaputra basin, has the largest power generating potential. The Indus basin in the northwest is at second place. The Himalayan tributaries of the Ganga have a potential of 11,000 MW. Thus, three-fourths of the total potential is confined in the river basins originating from the northern mountainous region.

The rivers of peninsular India are comparatively poor in this respect. They depend entirely on the rainfall for their flow, and therefore, their flow is very erratic exceptionally high flow during the monsoon period fol1owed by a long period of lean flow,

Energy is the ability to do work. It is essential for all life on Earth. Energy can be found in many different forms, including heat, light, electricity, and motion.

There are two main types of energy: renewable and non-renewable. RENEWABLE ENERGY sources are those that can be replenished naturally, such as solar and wind power. Non-renewable energy sources are those that cannot be replenished, such as coal and oil.

Coal is a fossil fuel that is formed from the remains of ancient Plants and animals. It is a non-renewable energy source that is used to generate electricity, produce steel, and make other products. Coal is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to Climate Change.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel that is formed from the remains of ancient Marine Organisms. It is a non-renewable energy source that is used to produce gasoline, diesel fuel, and other products. Petroleum is a major source of Air Pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that is formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. It is a non-renewable energy source that is used to generate electricity, heat homes and businesses, and produce chemicals. Natural gas is a cleaner-burning fuel than coal or petroleum, but it is still a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.

Hydroelectricity is a form of renewable energy that is generated by the flow of water. It is a clean and efficient way to produce electricity. Hydroelectric dams can also be used to store water for irrigation and other purposes.

Solar energy is a form of renewable energy that is generated by the sun. It is a clean and efficient way to produce electricity. Solar panels can be installed on homes and businesses to generate electricity for use on-site or to sell back to the grid.

Wind energy is a form of renewable energy that is generated by the wind. It is a clean and efficient way to produce electricity. Wind turbines can be installed on land or offshore to generate electricity for use on-site or to sell back to the grid.

Biogas is a form of renewable energy that is generated from the decomposition of organic matter. It is a clean and efficient way to produce electricity and heat. Biogas can also be used to produce transportation fuels.

Energy sources are distributed unevenly around the world. Some countries have abundant energy resources, while others have very few. This can lead to energy insecurity, as countries that do not have their own energy resources may have to rely on imports from other countries.

Energy conservation is the practice of using less energy. It can be done by making changes to the way we live and work. Energy conservation can help to reduce our reliance on non-renewable energy sources and protect the Environment.

There are many ways to conserve energy. Some simple tips include:

Turning off lights when you leave a room
Unplugging electronics when you’re not using them
Weatherizing your home to make it more energy-efficient
Driving less and walking or biking more
Using public transportation
Conserving water

Energy conservation is important for both environmental and economic reasons. By conserving energy, we can reduce our reliance on non-renewable energy sources, which helps to protect the environment. We can also save Money on our energy bills.

Non-metallic and conventional minerals [coal,petroleum and natural gas)

What are Non-Metallic Minerals?
Non-metallic minerals are minerals that are not metals. They are used in a variety of products, including construction materials, Fertilizers, and chemicals.
What are conventional minerals?
Conventional minerals are minerals that are commonly used in Industry. They include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
What are the benefits of non-metallic minerals?
Non-metallic minerals are essential for many industries. They are used in construction, agriculture, and manufacturing.
What are the challenges of non-metallic minerals?
Non-metallic minerals can be difficult to extract and process. They can also be harmful to the environment if not properly managed.
What are the benefits of conventional minerals?
Conventional minerals are a major source of energy. They are also used in a variety of products, including plastics, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals.
What are the challenges of conventional minerals?
Conventional minerals are non-renewable resources. They can also be harmful to the environment if not properly managed.

Hydro electricity and non conventional sources of energy (Solar, Wind, bio-gas)

What is hydro electricity?
Hydro electricity is a form of renewable energy that uses the power of moving water to generate electricity.
What are the benefits of hydro electricity?
Hydro electricity is a clean and efficient form of energy. It is also a reliable source of power.
What are the challenges of hydro electricity?
Hydro electricity can have a negative impact on the environment. Dams can disrupt the flow of rivers and damage Ecosystems.
What is solar energy?
Solar energy is a form of renewable energy that uses the sun’s rays to generate electricity.
What are the benefits of solar energy?
Solar energy is a clean and efficient form of energy. It is also a reliable source of power.
What are the challenges of solar energy?
Solar energy can be expensive to install. It is also intermittent, meaning that it is not always available.
What is wind energy?
Wind energy is a form of renewable energy that uses the wind to generate electricity.
What are the benefits of wind energy?
Wind energy is a clean and efficient form of energy. It is also a reliable source of power.
What are the challenges of wind energy?
Wind energy can be expensive to install. It is also intermittent, meaning that it is not always available.
What is bio-gas?
Bio-gas is a form of renewable energy that is produced from the decomposition of organic matter.
What are the benefits of bio-gas?
Bio-gas is a clean and efficient form of energy. It is also a reliable source of power.
What are the challenges of bio-gas?
Bio-gas can be expensive to produce. It is also intermittent, meaning that it is not always available.

Energy sources Their distribution and conservation

What are energy sources?
Energy sources are materials or processes that can be used to produce energy.
What are the different types of energy sources?
Energy sources can be divided into two main categories: renewable and non-renewable. Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally, such as solar and wind power. Non-renewable energy sources are those that cannot be replenished, such as coal and oil.
What is the distribution of energy sources?
Energy sources are not evenly distributed around the world. Some countries have abundant energy resources, while others have very few. This can lead to energy insecurity, as countries that do not have their own energy resources may have to rely on imports from other countries.
What is energy conservation?
Energy conservation is the practice of using less energy. This can be done by making changes to the way we live and work, such as using energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs. Energy conservation can help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and protect the environment.

Which of the following is not a non-metallic mineral?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Salt
Which of the following is not a conventional source of energy?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Solar
Which of the following is not a non-conventional source of energy?
(A) Hydroelectricity
(B) Solar
(C) Wind
(D) Biogas
Which of the following is the most abundant source of energy in the world?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Solar
Which of the following is the most polluting source of energy?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Solar
Which of the following is the most renewable source of energy?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Solar
Which of the following is the most sustainable source of energy?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Solar
Which of the following is the most efficient source of energy?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Solar
Which of the following is the most cost-effective source of energy?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Solar
Which of the following is the most environmentally friendly source of energy?
(A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Natural gas
(D) Solar