National Vaccination Programme

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Immunization Programme in India was introduced in 1978 as ‘Expanded Programme of Immunization’ (EPI) by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. In 1985, the programme was modified as ‘Universal Immunization Programme’ (UIP) to be implemented in phased manner to cover all districts in the country by 1989-90 with the one of largest health programme in the world.

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India provides several Vaccines to infants, children and pregnant Women through the Universal Immunisation Programme.

About immunization

Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines are substances that stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease.

Vaccines provided under UIP:

BCG

  • About-BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine. It is given to infants to protect them from tubercular meningitis and disseminated TB.
  • When to give – BCG vaccine is given at birth or as early as possible till 1year of
  • Route and site- BCG is given as intradermal injection in left upper arm.

OPV

  • About-OPV stands for Oral Polio Vaccine. It protects children from poliomylitis.
  • When to give- OPV is given at birth called zero dose and three doses are given at 6, 10 and 14 weeks. A booster dose is given at 16-24 months of age.
  • Route and site – OPV is given orally in the form of two drops.

Hepatitis B vaccine

  • About – Hepatitis B vaccine protects from Hepatitis B virus infection.
  • When to give- Hepatitis B vaccine is given at birth or as early as possible within 24 hours. Subsequently 3 dose are given at 6, 10 and 14 weeks in combination with DPT and Hib in the form of pentavalent vaccine.
  • Route and site- Intramuscular injection is given at anterolateral side of mid thigh

Pentavalent Vaccine

  • About-Pentavalent vaccine is a combined vaccine to protect children from five diseases Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertusis, Haemophilis influenza type b infection and Hepatitis B.
  • When to give – Three doses are given at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age (can be given till one year of age).
  • Route and site-Pentavalent vaccine is given intramuscularly on anterolateral side of mid thigh

Rotavirus Vaccine

  • About -RVV stands for Rotavirus vaccine. It gives protection to infants and children against rotavirus diarrhoea. It is given in select states.
  • When to give – Three doses of vaccine are given at 6, 10, 14 weeks of age.
  • Route and site-5 drops of vaccine are given orally.

PCV

  • About- PCV stands for Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. It protects infants and young children against disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is given in select states.
  • When to give – The vaccine is given as two primary doses at 6 & 14 weeks of age followed by a booster dose at 9 months of age
  • Route and site-  PCV is given as intramuscular (IM) injection in outer right upper thigh. It should be noted that pentavalent vaccine and PCV are given as two separate injections into opposite thighs.

fIPV

  • About– fIPV stands for Fractional Inactivated Poliomylitis Vaccine. It is used to boost the protection against poliomylitis.
  • When to give- Two fractional doses of IVP are given intradermally at 6 and 14 weeks of age.
  • Route and site- It is given as intradermal injection at right upper arm.

Measles/ MR vaccine

  • About-Measles vaccine is used to protect children from measles. In few states Measles and Rubella a combined vaccine is given to protect from Measles and Rubella infection.
  • When to given- First dose of Measles or MR vaccine is given at 9 completed months to12 months (vaccine can be given up to 5 years if not given at 9-12 months age) and second dose is given at 16-24 months.
  • Route and site – Measles Vaccine is given as subcutaneous injection in right upper arm.

JE vaccine

  • About- JE stands for Japanese encephalitis vaccine. It gives protection against Japanese Encephalitis disease. JE vaccine is given in select districts endemic for JE.
  • When to given- JE vaccine is given in two doses first dose is given at 9 completed months-12 months of age and second dose at 16-24 months of age.
  • Route and site- It is given as subcutaneous injection.

DPT booster

  • About-DPT is a combined vaccine; it protects children from Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis.
  • When to give -DPT vaccine is given at 16-24 months of age is called as DPT first booster and DPT 2nd booster is given at 5-6 years of age.
  • Route and site- DPT first booster is given as intramuscular injection in antero-lateral side of mid thigh in left leg. DPT second booster is given as intramuscular injection in left upper arm.

 TT

  • About- Tetanus toxoid vaccine is used to provide protection against tetanus.
  • When to give– Tetanus toxoid vaccine is given at 10 years and 15 years of age when previous injections of pentavalent vaccine and DPT vaccine are given at scheduled age.
  • Pregnant women-TT-1 is given early in pregnancy;  and TT-2 is given 4 weeks after TT-1.TT booster is given when two doses of TT are given in a pregnancy in last three years.
  • Route and site– TT is given as Intramuscular injection in upper arm.

Mission Indradhanush was launched by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) Government of India on 25th December, 2014. The objective of this mission is to ensure that all children under the age of two years as well as pregnant women are fully immunized with seven vaccine preventable diseases.

The Mission Indradhanush, depicting seven colours of the rainbow, targets to immunize all children against seven vaccine preventable diseases, namely:

  1. Diphtheria
  2. Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
  3. Tetanus
  4. Tuberculosis
  5. Polio
  6. Hepatitis B
  7. Measles.

In addition to this, vaccines for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) are also being provided in selected states.

4 pillars strategy for Mission Indhradhanush:

  1. Meticulous Planning of campaigns/ sessions at all levels
  2. Effective Communication and social mobilisation efforts.
  3. Intensive training of the health officials and frontline workers.
  4. Establish accountability framework through task force.

 

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National Vaccination Programme

Introduction

A national vaccination programme is a public health initiative that aims to protect the Population from vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines are biological products that help the body’s immune system fight off specific diseases. They are made from weakened or inactivated forms of the disease-causing organism, or from a part of the organism. When a person is vaccinated, their immune system learns to recognize and fight off the disease, so that if they are ever exposed to it in the future, they will not get sick.

History

The first national vaccination programme was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1840. The programme was designed to prevent smallpox, a deadly disease that had been a major cause of death for centuries. The programme was a success, and smallpox was eventually eradicated from the world in 1980.

Since then, many other countries have introduced national vaccination programmes. These programmes have helped to prevent millions of deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Goals

The goals of a national vaccination programme are to:

  • Protect the population from vaccine-preventable diseases
  • Reduce the burden of disease on the health system
  • Save lives
  • Promote Economic Development

Vaccines

There are many different types of vaccines available, and the vaccines included in a national vaccination programme will vary from country to country. Some of the most common vaccines included in national vaccination programmes include:

  • Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) vaccine
  • Polio vaccine
  • Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine
  • Rotavirus vaccine
  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
  • Chickenpox vaccine
  • Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenC)
  • Hepatitis B vaccine
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine

Schedule

The schedule for a national vaccination programme will also vary from country to country. The schedule will typically include a series of vaccinations that are given at specific ages. For example, in the United States, the recommended schedule for childhood vaccinations includes the following vaccines:

  • DTaP vaccine: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months
  • Polio vaccine: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months
  • MMR vaccine: 12-15 months and 4-6 years
  • Hib vaccine: 2, 4, and 6 months
  • Rotavirus vaccine: 2, 4, and 6 months
  • PCV vaccine: 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months
  • Chickenpox vaccine: 12-15 months
  • MenC vaccine: 11-12 years
  • Hepatitis B vaccine: birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months
  • HPV vaccine: 11-12 years for girls and 11-12 or 13-14 years for boys

Administration

Vaccines are typically administered by a healthcare professional, such as a doctor or nurse. The vaccine may be given by injection, by mouth, or by nose.

Safety

Vaccines are very safe. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks. Serious side effects from vaccination are rare. The most common side effects are mild and go away on their own within a few days.

Side effects

The most common side effects of vaccination are mild and go away on their own within a few days. These side effects may include:

  • Pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site
  • Fever
  • Achy muscles
  • Headache
  • Tiredness

Contraindications

There are some people who should not get vaccinated. These people may have a medical condition that makes them more susceptible to the side effects of vaccination, or they may be allergic to one of the ingredients in the vaccine.

Precautions

There are some people who should take precautions before getting vaccinated. These people may have a medical condition that makes them more susceptible to the side effects of vaccination, or they may be allergic to one of the ingredients in the vaccine.

Administration errors

It is important to administer vaccines correctly to ensure that they are effective. If a vaccine is not administered correctly, it may not be effective.

Storage and handling

Vaccines must be stored and handled properly to ensure that they are effective. Vaccines that are not stored or handled properly may not be effective.

Disposal

Vaccines that are no longer needed must be disposed of properly. Vaccines that are not disposed of properly may pose a risk to public health.

Documentation

It is important to document all vaccinations that are given. This

What is a vaccine?

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or inactivated forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the microbe, destroy it, and remember it, so that the body can produce antibodies and fight off the microbe if it is encountered again.

How do vaccines work?

Vaccines work by stimulating the body’s immune system to produce antibodies that protect against a particular disease. When the body is exposed to the disease-causing microbe, the antibodies recognize it and attack it, preventing the disease from developing.

What are the benefits of vaccines?

Vaccines are one of the most important public health tools we have. They have helped to prevent millions of deaths from diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and tetanus. Vaccines are safe and effective, and they are a very cost-effective way to prevent disease.

What are the risks of vaccines?

All vaccines have some risks, but these risks are very rare. The most common side effects of vaccines are mild and go away on their own within a few days. These side effects can include pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site, as well as fever, headache, and muscle aches. Serious side effects from vaccines are very rare.

Who should get vaccinated?

Everyone should get vaccinated, unless they have a medical condition that prevents them from being vaccinated. It is especially important for children to be vaccinated, as they are at higher risk of developing serious complications from diseases such as measles, mumps, and rubella.

Where can I get vaccinated?

You can get vaccinated at your doctor’s office, a local health department, or a pharmacy.

How much do vaccines cost?

Vaccines are covered by most health insurance plans. If you do not have health insurance, you may be able to get vaccinated for free or at a reduced cost at a local health department.

What should I do if I have questions about vaccines?

Talk to your doctor or a local health department. They can answer your questions and help you decide if vaccination is right for you.

Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic National Vaccination Programme:

  1. Which of the following is not a vaccine-preventable disease?
    (A) Measles
    (B) Mumps
    (C) Rubella
    (D) Chickenpox

  2. The first vaccine was developed for which disease?
    (A) Smallpox
    (B) Polio
    (C) Diphtheria
    (D) Tetanus

  3. Which of the following is not a side effect of vaccination?
    (A) Pain at the injection site
    (B) Fever
    (C) Rash
    (D) Death

  4. Which of the following is the most common vaccine-preventable disease in the United States?
    (A) Influenza
    (B) Pneumonia
    (C) Rotavirus
    (D) Chickenpox

  5. Which of the following is the most common cause of vaccine-preventable death in the United States?
    (A) Measles
    (B) Mumps
    (C) Rubella
    (D) Chickenpox

  6. Which of the following is the most effective way to prevent vaccine-preventable diseases?
    (A) Vaccination
    (B) Handwashing
    (C) Avoiding contact with sick people
    (D) All of the above

  7. Which of the following is the most common reason for parents to refuse to vaccinate their children?
    (A) Fear of side effects
    (B) Belief that vaccines are unnecessary
    (C) Belief that vaccines cause autism
    (D) All of the above

  8. Which of the following is the most common vaccine-preventable disease in children under the age of 5?
    (A) Rotavirus
    (B) Pneumonia
    (C) Hib
    (D) Chickenpox

  9. Which of the following is the most common vaccine-preventable disease in teenagers?
    (A) Meningitis
    (B) HPV
    (C) Hepatitis B
    (D) Tetanus

  10. Which of the following is the most common vaccine-preventable disease in adults?
    (A) Influenza
    (B) Pneumonia
    (C) Shingles
    (D) Tetanus

I hope these MCQs are helpful!