<–2/”>a >India was the first nation to launched a family planning programme in 1952. Though the birth rate started decreasing, it was accompanied by a sharp decrease in death rate, leading to an overall increase in Population.The early concept of population policy covered both mortality and fertility and did not exclusively focus on fertility. There was also a recognition of the need to improve the Quality Of Life of the people by lowering the burden of disease or morbidity, promoting universal primary Education and eradicating illiteracy, exploitation and POVERTY.
In 1976, the first National Population Policy was formulated and tabled in Parliament.
The intent of National Population Policy-NPP-2000 is to eliminate unmet contraceptive needs by providing high quality reproductive healthcare. In particular, the NPP-2000 aims to address flaws in healthcare Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE and to achieve a total fertility rate of 2.1 births per woman by 2010. Main objectives of NPP-2000 are:-
- Converge service delivery at village level
- Empowering Women for improved Health-and-Nutrition/”>Health and Nutrition needs for family welfare Services
- Child health and survival
- Meeting the unmet needs of the under-served population groups
- Use of diverse health care providers
- Collaboration with and commitments from the non-government sector
- Mainstreaming Indian systems of medicine and homeopathy
- Contraceptive technology and research on reproductive and child health (RCH)
- Providing for the older population x. Information education and Communication
Population Growth Rate in India has reduced substantially which is evident from the following:-
- The Percentage decadal growth rate of the country has declined significantly from 21.5% for the period 1991-2001 to 17.7% during 2001-2011.
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was 3.2 at the time when National Population Policy, 2000 was adopted and the same has declined to 2.3 as per Sample registration Survey (SRS) 2013 conducted by the Registrar General of India.
,
The National Population Policy (NPP) is a policy document of the Government of India that aims to address the issue of Population Growth in India. The NPP was first introduced in 2000 and has been revised twice since then, in 2005 and 2012. The NPP has a number of sub-topics, including:
- Population stabilization
- Reproductive health
- Child health and nutrition
- Adolescent health and development
- Family planning
- Equality/”>Gender Equality and women’s Empowerment
- Adolescent health and development
- Migration and Urbanization
- Population and Environment
- Population and development
- Institutional framework and implementation
The NPP is implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in collaboration with other Ministries and Departments of the Government of India. The NPP has been successful in reducing the population growth rate in India, but there are still challenges to be addressed. These challenges include:
- High fertility rates
- Inequalities in access to reproductive health services
- Gender inequality
- Poverty
- Lack of education and awareness about population issues
The NPP is a comprehensive policy document that aims to address the issue of population growth in India. The NPP has been successful in reducing the population growth rate in India, but there are still challenges to be addressed. These challenges include high fertility rates, inequalities in access to reproductive health services, gender inequality, poverty, and lack of education and awareness about population issues.
The NPP aims to achieve population stabilization by 2045. To achieve this, the NPP has set a number of targets, including:
- Reducing the total fertility rate (TFR) to 2.1 by 2020 and 1.8 by 2045
- Increasing the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) to 60% by 2020 and 70% by 2045
- Reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) to 100 per 100,000 live births by 2020 and 70 per 100,000 live births by 2045
- Reducing the infant mortality rate (IMR) to 20 per 1,000 live births by 2020 and 10 per 1,000 live births by 2045
- Increasing the Average age of marriage for women to 21 years by 2020 and 22 years by 2045
The NPP has been successful in reducing the population growth rate in India. The TFR has declined from 3.2 in 1992 to 2.2 in 2016. The CPR has also increased from 43% in 1992 to 56% in 2016. The MMR has declined from 560 per 100,000 live births in 1992 to 130 per 100,000 live births in 2016. The IMR has declined from 80 per 1,000 live births in 1992 to 34 per 1,000 live births in 2016. The average age of marriage for women has also increased from 18.3 years in 1992 to 20.8 years in 2016.
However, there are still challenges to be addressed. The TFR is still above the replacement level of 2.1, and the CPR is still below the target of 60%. The MMR is still high, and the IMR is still high. The average age of marriage for women is still low.
The NPP has a number of strategies to address these challenges. These strategies include:
- Providing access to quality reproductive health services
- Empowering women
- Reducing poverty
- Promoting education and awareness about population issues
The NPP is a comprehensive policy document that aims to address the issue of population growth in India. The NPP has been successful in reducing the population growth rate in India, but there are still challenges to be addressed. These challenges include high fertility rates, inequalities in access to reproductive health services, gender inequality, poverty, and lack of education and awareness about population issues. The NPP has a number of strategies to address these challenges. These strategies include providing access to quality reproductive health services, empowering women, reducing poverty, promoting education and awareness about population issues.
What is the difference between a population and a sample?
A population is a group of individuals or objects that are being studied. A sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the population.
What are the different types of sampling?
There are two main types of sampling: Probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling is a type of sampling in which each individual or object in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected for the sample. Non-probability sampling is a type of sampling in which individuals or objects are selected for the sample based on the researcher’s judgment or convenience.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of probability sampling?
The main advantage of probability sampling is that it allows the researcher to make inferences about the population from the sample. The main disadvantage of probability sampling is that it can be expensive and time-consuming to collect data from a large sample.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-probability sampling?
The main advantage of non-probability sampling is that it is less expensive and time-consuming to collect data from a small sample. The main disadvantage of non-probability sampling is that it is not possible to make inferences about the population from the sample.
What is the difference between a census and a survey?
A census is a survey that is conducted on every individual or object in a population. A survey is a survey that is conducted on a subset of a population.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of censuses?
The main advantage of censuses is that they provide accurate data about the population. The main disadvantage of censuses is that they can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of surveys?
The main advantage of surveys is that they are less expensive and time-consuming to conduct than censuses. The main disadvantage of surveys is that they may not provide accurate data about the population, as only a subset of the population is surveyed.
What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study?
A cross-sectional study is a study that is conducted at a single point in time. A longitudinal study is a study that is conducted over a period of time.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional studies?
The main advantage of cross-sectional studies is that they are relatively inexpensive and easy to conduct. The main disadvantage of cross-sectional studies is that they cannot determine cause and effect, as they only measure variables at a single point in time.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal studies?
The main advantage of longitudinal studies is that they can determine cause and effect, as they measure variables over a period of time. The main disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that they are expensive and time-consuming to conduct.
What is the difference between a descriptive study and an analytical study?
A descriptive study is a study that describes the characteristics of a population or sample. An analytical study is a study that examines the relationship between two or more variables.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of descriptive studies?
The main advantage of descriptive studies is that they provide a snapshot of a population or sample. The main disadvantage of descriptive studies is that they cannot determine cause and effect.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of analytical studies?
The main advantage of analytical studies is that they can determine cause and effect. The main disadvantage of analytical studies is that they can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct.
What is the difference between a qualitative study and a quantitative study?
A qualitative study is a study that uses non-numerical data to answer research questions. A quantitative study is a study that uses numerical data to answer research questions.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative studies?
The main advantage of qualitative studies is that they allow researchers to explore complex issues in depth. The main disadvantage of qualitative studies is that they can be difficult to generalize to other populations.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative studies?
The main advantage of quantitative studies is that they allow researchers to make generalizations about populations. The main disadvantage of quantitative studies is that they can be difficult to conduct with complex issues.
Sure. Here are some MCQs on the following topics:
Population growth
Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to population growth?
(A) High birth rates
(B) Low death rates
(C) Emigration
(D) ImmigrationWhich of the following is the most populous country in the world?
(A) China
(B) India
(C) United States
(D) IndonesiaWhich of the following is the least populous country in the world?
(A) Vatican City
(B) Monaco
(C) Nauru
(D) TuvaluPopulation density
Which of the following is the most densely populated continent in the world?
(A) Asia
(B) Africa
(C) Europe
(D) North AmericaWhich of the following is the least densely populated continent in the world?
(A) Antarctica
(B) Australia
(C) South America
(D) North AmericaWhich of the following countries has the highest population density?
(A) Monaco
(B) Singapore
(C) Bangladesh
(D) MaltaPopulation distribution
Which of the following is the most common pattern of population distribution?
(A) Uniform distribution
(B) Random distribution
(C) Clustered distribution
(D) Stratified distributionWhich of the following is an example of a country with a uniform distribution of population?
(A) Canada
(B) Australia
(C) United States
(D) BrazilWhich of the following is an example of a country with a clustered distribution of population?
(A) Japan
(B) China
(C) India
(D) IndonesiaPopulation growth and development
Which of the following is not a challenge associated with rapid population growth?
(A) Increased demand for Resources
(B) Increased pollution
(C) Increased poverty
(D) Increased crimeWhich of the following is a policy that can be used to slow population growth?
(A) Family planning
(B) Education
(C) Economic Development
(D) All of the aboveWhich of the following is a positive effect of population growth?
(A) Increased labor force
(B) Increased innovation
(C) Increased diversity
(D) All of the above
I hope these MCQs are helpful. Please let me know if you have any other questions.