Movements/Organizations

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Aligarh MovementSir Sayyed Ahmad KhanDeobandRepresented by Mohammad Qasim Nanautavi & Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.MovementNanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was strictly based on Islamic tradition unlike liberal Aligarh movement. The also promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat Ullah Sahib founded the, ‘Jamaitul Ulema-i-Hind’ to further work in this direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement.Muslim LeagueNawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali & M.A. Ansari.Home Rule LeagueEstd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president & other members included Arundale, P.C. Ramaswamy Iyer, V.P. Wadia. Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune.ChamparanEuropean planters forced the farmers to cultivate Indigo on atleast 3/20Satyagraha 1917(Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani, Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of which even Gandhi was a member.Kheda SatyagrahaKheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha

1918	the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could
	afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi.
Ahmedabad Mill	Mahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast
Problem 1918	unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn
	was main lieutenant of Gandhi here.
Rowlatt Act	In March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any
	Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was
	organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin
	Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally).
Jallianwala Bagh	Demanded to know the whereabouts of Satyapal and Kitchlew throught the
Massacre	reciting of the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13^th April, 1919). Martial
	law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An
	enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title.
Khilafat Movement	Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey.
	Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari,
	Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the
	Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to
	Constantinople.
Non Cooperation	Approval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie
1920-22	Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took
	their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia
	were set up. No Congress leader contested for Elections. Mass demonstrations
	before Duke of Connaught & Prince of wales. Tilak Swarajya Fund was
	established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP
	incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das
	formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a
	purpose not to let the movement lapse.
AITUC	Formed in 1920 with Lotvala’s help. M.N Roy, Muzzafarabad Ahmad, S. A
1920	Dange & Shaukat Osmani led the trade unionist movements. The Britishers
	leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them.
Swaraj Party	Suspension of Non Cooperation movement disoriented the Leadership.
	Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support
	the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C.
	Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at
	Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party
	got clear majority in the Central legislature & Provincial legislatures except
	Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened &
	further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it
	suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras.
Hindustan	Established in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil,
Republic	Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori
Associaiton 1924	Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a
	major setback.However, the group was reorganized under the leadership of
	Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan
	Vohra and Sukhdev on 9 and 10 September 1928- and the group was now
	christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Bhagat Singh,
	Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931.
Communist Party	Was declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an

of India 1925	agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the
	Quit India Movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put
	forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states.
Bardoli Satyagraha	In Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised
	the tax rate by 30% despite famine.
All India States	Formed in 1926 whose first session was held under the presidentship of the
People Conference	famous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai.
Simon	The purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7
Commission	member commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration
	under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of
	Simon Commission was published in May 1930. It stated the constitutional
	experiment with Dyarchy was unsuccessful & in its place recommended the
	establishment of autonomous government. It recommended special powers to
	governor general & governors to look after the interest of minorities,
	strengthening the centre, increasing electorate base on communal basis,
	Indianization of defence forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay.
	The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became
	a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935.
Nehru Report,	Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead challenged the Indians to produce a
1928	constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8
	member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur
	Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R
	Pradhan. The report was placed before Congress Session in Calcutta in 1928
	where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities
	instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar
	Kharak Singh rejected it. Later Jinnah convened an All India Conference of
	Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the
	dominion status.
Dandi March	Reached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched
April 1930	the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept
	themselves aloof but in the NWFP an organization of Khudai Khidmatgar
	(Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi)
	participated in full.
I Round table	Held under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues
Conference	as it was opposed by congress.
Nov 1930
Gandhi Irwin Pact	As per it Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement &
March 1931	participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not
	like this pact.
II Round Table	At London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached.
Conference 1931	In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed.
McDonald	The British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which
Communal Award	the depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi
1932	went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the
	Consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona
	Act’. The British government also approved it. Accordingly 148 seats were
	reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award.
III Round Table	The congress once more didn’t take part in it. None the less the British

Conference 1932	Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935.
	Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933
Congress Socialist	founded in 1934 by Jai Praksh Narain & Acharya Narendra Deva within the
Party 1934	Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist
	Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of
	Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP.
	After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP
	Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India.

August Offer 1940	Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to
	frame the new constitution.
Individual	Started in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were
Satyagraha 1940	the first 3 satyagrahis.
Cripps Mission	Viceroy Lord Linlithgow expanded is Executive council by taking five more
1942	Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the
	princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak
	also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan.
Quit India	The fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In
Movement	the midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at
1942-44	Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist
	Party whith its leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyuta Patwardhan played
	important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by &
	large remained indifferent.
INA	Captain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a
	the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence
	League. The name of the brigades were Subhash, Gandhi, Nehru & Rani
	Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to
	him. He named them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army
	marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan
	accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island.
C.R. Formula 1944	To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March
	1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan.
Wavell Plan &	The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt
Shimla Conference	with the Indian demand of self-rule & reconstitution of viceroy’s executive
1945	council giving a balanced representation to the major communities. Executive
	council was an interim arrangement in which all but the Viceory & the
	Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be
	held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence
	that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league
	muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council.
Cabinet Mission	Pathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander.
1946	Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India
	comprising both British India & princely states (only foreign, defence &
	Communication). A constitutional assembly was to be formed consisting of
	representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal
	basis in proportion to the Population of each province. Envisaged interim govt &
	said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not
	withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946.
Elections	Following cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214

		general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of
		78 Muslim seats. Jinnah became greatly disturbed by the election results. He
		demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later
		16 August 1946 was fixed as direct action day to withdraw its acceptance of
		cabinet mission plan. Communal riots broke out in Bengal, United Province,
		Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as
		head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi.
		However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government.
INA Trails		Held at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the
		case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S.
		Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal.
RIN Mutiny 1946		Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put
		up INA badges.
Mountbatten Plan		Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India
		in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim &
		non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join.
		The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held
		in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh
		was to decide whether to join India or not.
Indian Independece		The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18^th July 1947.
Act 1947		Partition on 15^th August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two
		dominions. Abolition of the post of secretary of state for India. Pending the
		adoption of new constitution, the administration of the two dominions & the
		provinces would be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the
		government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General &
		the Provincial governors would be ceased. Jinnah became the first governor
		general of Pakistan.
Unification Drive		On 5^th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover.
		He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all
		the native princes to join the Indian union by 5^th August. In Kashmir Hari Singh
		sent his PM Meharchand Mahajan with the signed papers for the merger. In
		Hyderabad the nawab wanted to continue his arbitary rule with the help of
		Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of
		accession signed.
Pondicherry & Goa		The other French territories were Karaikal, Mahe,Yanam & Chanderinagore.
		Chanderinagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the
		French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal
		transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of
		Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987.

A movement is a group of people who come together to achieve a common goal. Movements can be political, social, or religious in nature. They can be large or small, and they can last for a short time or for many years.

Some of the most famous movements in history include the abolitionist movement, the civil rights movement, and the feminist movement. The abolitionist movement fought to end slavery in the United States. The civil rights movement fought for equal rights for African Americans. The feminist movement fought for equal rights for Women.

Movements can be successful in achieving their goals. The abolitionist movement was successful in ending slavery in the United States. The civil rights movement was successful in ending segregation and discrimination against African Americans. The feminist movement has been successful in achieving many of its goals, such as the right to vote and the right to equal pay.

However, movements can also be unsuccessful. The anti-war movement in the United States was unsuccessful in preventing the Vietnam War. The labor movement in the United States has been unsuccessful in achieving its goal of a living wage for all workers.

Despite the challenges they face, movements can play an important role in Society. They can raise awareness of important issues, and they can pressure governments and other powerful institutions to make changes.

Here are some additional details about each of the subtopics listed above:

Abolitionism: Abolitionism is the belief that slavery is morally wrong and should be abolished. The abolitionist movement began in the 18th century and was successful in ending slavery in the United States in 1865.
Anarchism: Anarchism is a political philosophy that rejects all forms of government and authority. Anarchists believe that people should be free to live their lives without interference from the state.
Anti-colonialism: Anti-colonialism is the opposition to colonialism, which is the practice of one country ruling another. Anti-colonial movements were successful in gaining independence for many countries in the 20th century.
Anti-Fascism: Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascism, which is a form of government that is characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarianism, and militarism. Anti-fascist movements were successful in defeating fascism in World War II.
Anti-Globalization/”>Globalization-3/”>Globalization: Anti-globalization is the opposition to globalization, which is the process of increasing economic and political integration between countries. Anti-globalization movements argue that globalization is harmful to the Environment, workers’ rights, and Democracy.
Anti-war movements: Anti-war movements are movements that oppose war. Anti-war movements have been successful in preventing or ending some wars, such as the Vietnam War.
Civil rights movements: Civil rights movements are movements that fight for equal rights for all people. The civil rights movement in the United States was successful in ending segregation and discrimination against African Americans.
Communism: Communism is a political and economic system that is based on the idea of common ownership of property and the absence of Social Classes. Communism was the official ideology of the Soviet Union and other communist countries.
Environmentalism: Environmentalism is the belief that humans should protect the environment. Environmental movements have been successful in raising awareness of environmental issues and in pressuring governments to take action to protect the environment.
Feminism: Feminism is the belief that women should have equal rights to men. The feminist movement has been successful in achieving many of its goals, such as the right to vote and the right to equal pay.
Human Rights movements: Human rights movements are movements that fight for the rights of all people. Human rights movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the abolition of slavery and the establishment of the United Nations.
Labor movements: Labor movements are movements that fight for the rights of workers. Labor movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the right to organize unions and the right to a living wage.
LGBT rights movements: LGBT rights movements are movements that fight for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. LGBT rights movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the right to marry and the right to serve openly in the military.
Pacifism: Pacifism is the belief that violence is never justified. Pacifist movements have been successful in preventing some wars, such as the Vietnam War.
Political movements: Political movements are movements that seek to change the political system. Political movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the establishment of democracy and the end of slavery.
Religion-based movements: Religion-based movements are movements that are based on religious beliefs. Religion-based movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the abolition of slavery and the establishment of religious freedom.
Social movements: Social movements are movements that seek to change society. Social movements have been successful in achieving many of their goals, such as the end of segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

What is the difference between a movement and an organization?

A movement is a group of people who share a common goal or cause. An organization is a group of people who have come together to achieve a specific goal.

What are some examples of movements?

Some examples of movements include the Civil Rights Movement, the Women’s Rights Movement, and the LGBTQ+ Rights Movement.

What are some examples of organizations?

Some examples of organizations include the NAACP, the National Organization for Women, and the Human Rights Campaign.

What are the benefits of being part of a movement?

There are many benefits to being part of a movement. Movements can provide a sense of community, support, and Empowerment. They can also help to raise awareness about important issues and to advocate for change.

What are the challenges of being part of a movement?

There are also some challenges to being part of a movement. Movements can be demanding and time-consuming. They can also be emotionally and physically draining. Additionally, movements can sometimes be divided by internal conflict.

What are some tips for being successful in a movement?

Here are some tips for being successful in a movement:

Find a movement that you are passionate about.
Be willing to put in the time and effort.
Be respectful of others.
Be open to new ideas.
Be persistent.
Be positive.

What are some common mistakes to avoid when participating in a movement?

Here are some common mistakes to avoid when participating in a movement:

Don’t be afraid to speak up.
Don’t be afraid to disagree.
Don’t be afraid to stand up for what you believe in.
Don’t be afraid to walk away.

What is the future of movements?

The future of movements is uncertain. However, movements have the potential to make a real difference in the world. They can help to raise awareness about important issues, to advocate for change, and to empower people.

Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Movements/Organizations:

Which of the following is not a type of government?
(A) Democracy
(B) Republic
(C) Monarchy
(D) Movement
Which of the following is not a human right?
(A) The right to life
(B) The right to freedom from torture
(C) The right to a fair trial
(D) The right to join a movement
Which of the following is not a factor that affects economic Growth?
(A) The amount of capital available
(B) The level of technology
(C) The quality of Education
(D) The number of movements in the country
Which of the following is not a type of pollution?
(A) Air Pollution
(B) Water Pollution
(C) Land pollution
(D) Movement pollution
Which of the following is not a cause of Climate change?
(A) The burning of fossil fuels
(B) Deforestation
(C) The release of greenhouse gases
(D) The formation of movements
Which of the following is not a way to reduce Climate Change?
(A) Investing in RENEWABLE ENERGY
(B) Planting trees
(C) Reducing our reliance on fossil fuels
(D) Joining a movement to fight climate change
Which of the following is not a type of crime?
(A) Murder
(B) Theft
(C) Vandalism
(D) Movement
Which of the following is not a way to prevent crime?
(A) Increasing the number of police officers
(B) Improving education
(C) Providing job opportunities
(D) Joining a movement to fight crime
Which of the following is not a type of war?
(A) Civil war
(B) World war
(C) Cold war
(D) Movement war
Which of the following is not a way to prevent war?
(A) Diplomacy
(B) Arms control
(C) Economic sanctions
(D) Joining a movement to fight war

I hope these MCQs are helpful!