Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Rowalt act

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  • Provincial LC enlarged. More elected members
  • Dyarchy
    • Some subjects were reserved and remained under the direct control of the Governor; others such as Education, public Health and local self-government were called transferred subjects and were to be controlled by the ministers responsible to the legislature.
  • At the centre, there were two houses of legislature.
  • Response of nationalists
    • INC condemned the reforms as disappointing and unsatisfactory
    • Some others , led by Surendranath Banerjea, were in favour of accepting the government proposals. They left the Congress at this time and founded the Indian Liberal Federation
  • Evaluation
    • The  governor could overrule the ministers on any grounds that he considered special
    • The legislature had virtually no control over the Governor-General and his Executive Council.

The central government had unrestricted control over the provincial governments

Rowlatt Act

  • March 1919
  • It authorized the Government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a court of law.

 

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The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and the Rowlatt Act were two important events in the history of India. The reforms introduced a system of dyarchy in India, while the Rowlatt Act gave the British government sweeping powers to suppress dissent. Both events led to widespread protests in India.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, also known as the Government of India Act of 1919, was a major constitutional reform that introduced a system of dyarchy in India. Dyarchy was a System of Government in which certain subjects were transferred from the control of the British government to the control of Indian ministers responsible to an Indian legislature. The transferred subjects included education, local self-government, public health, and agriculture. The reserved subjects, which remained under the control of the British government, included defense, foreign affairs, and finance.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were introduced in response to the growing demand for self-government in India. The reforms were based on the principle of ‘dyarchy’, which meant that certain subjects were transferred from the control of the British government to the control of Indian ministers responsible to an Indian legislature. The transferred subjects included education, local self-government, public health, and agriculture. The reserved subjects, which remained under the control of the British government, included defense, foreign affairs, and finance.

The Rowlatt Act, also known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, was a controversial law that gave the British government sweeping powers to suppress dissent in India. The act allowed the government to detain people without trial and to censor the press. The act was widely seen as a violation of civil liberties and led to widespread protests in India.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement. On April 13, 1919, British Indian Army soldiers under the command of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer opened fire on a crowd of unarmed Indian civilians in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, killing at least 379 people and injuring over 1,200. The massacre was widely condemned in India and around the world, and it led to a major increase in support for the Indian independence movement.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and the Rowlatt Act were two important events in the history of India. The reforms introduced a system of dyarchy in India, while the Rowlatt Act gave the British government sweeping powers to suppress dissent. Both events led to widespread protests in India, including the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. These events helped to shape the Indian independence movement and ultimately led to the independence of India in 1947.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were a major step forward in the development of self-government in India. However, they did not go far enough to satisfy the growing demand for independence. The Rowlatt Act was a major setback for the cause of Indian self-government. It showed that the British government was not willing to give up its power in India without a fight. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a turning point in the Indian independence movement. It showed that the British government was willing to use violence to suppress dissent. These events helped to unite the Indian people against British rule and ultimately led to the independence of India in 1947.

Frequently Asked Questions about the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

  1. What were the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms?

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were a series of constitutional reforms introduced in British India in 1919. The reforms were named after Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy of India.

  1. What were the objectives of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms?

The objectives of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were to increase Indian participation in government and to prepare India for self-rule.

  1. What were the main features of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms?

The main features of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were:

  • The introduction of dyarchy, a system of government in which some subjects were transferred to Indian control while others remained under British control.
  • The creation of a bicameral legislature, with an elected lower house and an appointed upper house.
  • The expansion of the franchise to include more Indians.

  • The establishment of provincial councils with limited powers.

  • What was the impact of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms?

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms had a significant impact on India. They increased Indian participation in government and prepared India for self-rule. However, the reforms also led to increased demands for independence from Indian nationalists.

Frequently Asked Questions about the Rowlatt Act

  1. What was the Rowlatt Act?

The Rowlatt Act was an act of the British Parliament that was passed in 1919. The act gave the British government the power to detain people without trial and to suppress public meetings.

  1. What were the objectives of the Rowlatt Act?

The objectives of the Rowlatt Act were to suppress Indian nationalist activities and to maintain British rule in India.

  1. What was the impact of the Rowlatt Act?

The Rowlatt Act was widely opposed by Indian nationalists. The act led to protests and demonstrations, which were suppressed by the British government. The Rowlatt Act also contributed to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, in which British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians.

  1. What was the significance of the Rowlatt Act?

The Rowlatt Act was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement. The act led to increased Indian opposition to British rule and contributed to the rise of Mahatma Gandhi as a national leader.

  1. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were introduced in India in the year:
    (a) 1919
    (b) 1920
    (c) 1921
    (d) 1922

  2. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were also known as:
    (a) The Government of India Act, 1919
    (b) The Indian Councils Act, 1909
    (c) The Indian Independence Act, 1947
    (d) The Rowlatt Act, 1919

  3. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms introduced a system of dyarchy in India. This meant that:
    (a) The provinces were divided into two categories, one with full Responsible Government and the other with limited responsible government.
    (b) The provinces were divided into two categories, one with full responsible government and the other with no responsible government.
    (c) The provinces were divided into two categories, one with limited responsible government and the other with no responsible government.
    (d) The provinces were divided into two categories, one with no responsible government and the other with partial responsible government.

  4. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms also introduced a system of communal electorates. This meant that:
    (a) Hindus and Muslims would vote for their own representatives in the provincial legislatures.
    (b) Hindus and Muslims would vote for the same representatives in the provincial legislatures.
    (c) There would be no separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims.
    (d) There would be separate electorates for all religious groups.

  5. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were met with mixed reactions from the Indian people. Some people welcomed them as a step towards self-government, while others criticized them as not going far enough.

  6. The Rowlatt Act was passed in India in the year:
    (a) 1919
    (b) 1920
    (c) 1921
    (d) 1922

  7. The Rowlatt Act gave the government the power to:
    (a) Intern political prisoners without trial.
    (b) Prosecute political prisoners without trial.
    (c) Suppress political protests without trial.
    (d) All of the above.

  8. The Rowlatt Act was widely opposed by the Indian people. The protests against the Act turned violent in many places, leading to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

  9. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in the city of Amritsar on April 13, 1919. On that day, British troops opened fire on a crowd of unarmed Indian civilians, killing hundreds of people.

  10. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a turning point in the Indian independence movement. It led to a widespread outrage against British rule and a renewed demand for self-government.