<<–2/”>a >table>
| Later Mughal Rulers | |
| Bahadur Shah I | After the death of Aurangzeb, prince Muazzam, Azam & Kam Bakhsh fought in |
| 1707-1712 | which Mauzzam emerged victorious & assumed the title of Bahadur Shah I. Banda |
| Bahadur who killed Wazir khanwas defeated by him. Was referred to as ‘Shah-i- | |
| Bekhabar’. | |
| Jahandar Shah | Later after Bahadur Shah’s death, his son Jahandar Shah came to power after killing |
| 1712-13 | his other brothers with the help of Zulfikar Khan. He made peace with the Jats, |
| Shahuji & honoured rajput kings. | |
| Farrukh Siyar | Nephew of Jahandar Shah, Farrukh Siyar killed him with the help of Sayyid |
| 1713-19 | brothers – Abdulla Khan (Wazir) & Hussain Ali Khan (Mir Bakshi). Farrukh Siyar |
| tried to check the powers of Sayyid brothers but the latter got him killed & crowned | |
| two princes Raffi-ud-Darajat, Raffi-ud-Daula in quick SUCCESSION. Later they made | |
| Muhammad Shah (Grandson of Bahadur Shah I) as the king. After his accession the | |
| Sayyid brothers fell victim to the intrigue of Turani Amirs. | |
| Muhammad | During his tenure most the independent kingdoms were established: Nizam-ul-Mulk |
| Shah Rangila | (Deccan), Saadat Khan (Awadh) & Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal). Iranian King |
| 1719-48 | Nadir Shah invaded in 1739 on invitation of Saadat Khan (Awadh). The latter was |
| imprisoned by Nadir Shah for not able to pay the promised ransom. Nadir Shah | |
| took the peacock throne & the Kohinoor diamond with him. | |
| Ahmad Shah | Son of Muhammad Shah. During his reign Ahmad Shah Abdali (claimed himself |
| 1748-54 | ruler of Kandhar after the assassination of Nadir Shah by Persian in 1747) |
| repeatedly attacked. Later Ahmad Shah was killed & deposed by his own Wazir | |
| Imad-ul-Mulk. | |
| Alamgir II | Actual name Aziz-ud-din. Frequency of Abdali attacks increased. [1754-59] |
| Shah Alam II | 1759-1806 |
| Akbar Shah II | 1806-1837 |
| Bahadur Shah II | 1837-57 |
| Other Contemporary States | ||||||
| Bihar | After Saadat Khan, *Safdarjung* became the king who was an impartial ruler & | |||||
| carried out many reforms & was made the wazir of Mughal Empire. Shuja-ud-Daula | ||||||
| succeded him to throne. He was also made the wazir of mughal empire but he sided | ||||||
| with Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat. | ||||||
| Bengal | Murshid Quli Khan was an able ruler. Later his son in law Shuja-ud-din & his son | |||||
| Sarfaraz came in that order. Sarfaraz was defeated by Alivardi Khan of Bihar. Later | ||||||
| Alivardi Khan was defeated by Raghuji Bhonsle & forced him to surrender Orissa. | ||||||
| After the death of Alivardi khan his grandson Siraj-ud-daula tool over who lost to | ||||||
| Britishers under Lord Clive. | ||||||
| Hyderabad | Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724. | |||||
| Mysore & | Since the downfall of the Vijaynagar-empire/”>Vijaynagar Empire Wodeyar dynasty was ruling. But in | |||||
| Haider Ali | the 18th century two minister Nanjaraj & Devaraj usurped power early reducing the | |||||
| King Krishna Raj to a puppet. Haider Ali rose to become the Commander-in-Chief | ||||||
| of the Mysore army & became the sultan after Nanjraj’s death. He was defeated by | ||||||
| Peshwa Madhav Rao. | ||||||
| Tipu Sultan | He defeated the combined forces of Marathas & Nizam in 1787 & soon after | |||||
| claimed himself Padshah at Seringapattam. He attempted to reduce the custom of | ||||||
| jagirs& hereditary possession of poligars (small chieftans). He was a staunch | ||||||
| muslim. He donated Money to hindus but later got the temples abolished. | ||||||
| Travancore | Martanda Verma | |||||
| Rajput States | Marwar (Ajit Singh), Amer (Sawai Jai Singh) | |||||
| Rohilkhand | Area between Agra & Awadh. Muhammad Khan Bangash ruled who was defeated | |||||
| by Maharana Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand with the help of Marathas. | ||||||
| Sikhs | Ruler of one of the 12 Misls called Sukarchakiya. He with the help of his brave | |||||
| commander Hari Singh Nalwa won Multan, Kashmir & Peshawar. | ||||||
| The Peshwas | ||||||
| 1713-20 | Balaji Vishwanath | Shahu appointed him as the Peshwa. | ||||
| 1720-40 | Baji Rao I | Baji Rao I succeded who was the most charismatic leader in | ||||
| Maratha history after Shivaji.He conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand | ||||||
| & even raided Delhi. | ||||||
| 1740-61 | Balaji Baji Rao | Son of Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb – different from | ||||
| the later Nana Saheb, adopted son of Baji Rao II) who defeated | ||||||
| the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Maratha however received a | ||||||
| terrible blow at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761-Panipat | ||||||
| 1761-72 | Madhav Rao I | Defeated Nizam, Mysore, Rohillas, Rajputs Jats. In 1771 he | ||||
| confined the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II by giving pension. | ||||||
| 1772-73 | Narayan Rao | Short tenure. Tussle with Ragunath Rao over Peshwa claim. | ||||
| 1774-95 | Madhav Rao II | Became Peshwa after treaty of Salbai supported by Nana | ||||
| Phadnavis. In the meantime Mahadji Scindia who had brought | ||||||
| Shah Alam under his control became the actual ruler of Delhi till | ||||||
| his death in 1794. | ||||||
| 1796-1818 | Baji Rao II | Incompetent son of Raghunath Rao (who was had earlier stuggled | ||||
| with Narayan Rao to become Peshwa & sided with Britishers) | ||||||
| Important Battles | |
| 1744-48 | First Anglo-French Carnatic war. Madras returned to British by the treaty of Aix-la- |
| Chappalle. In battle of St. Thome, a small French Army defeated Nawab Anwar-ud- | |
| din’s large one. | |
| 1748-54 | Second Anglo French Carnatic war. The French sided with Muzaffar Jang (grandson of |
| Asaf Jah) & Chanda Sahib (in Carnatic) while the Enlish supported the claims of Nasir | |
| Jang (son of late Nizam, Asaf Jah) & Anwar-ud-din (Carnatic) Initially the French | |
| under Dupleix had success (& stationed officer Bussy at Hyderabad) but later the | |
| English got hold. Treaty of Pondicherry signed. | |
| 1757-63 | Third Anglo French Carnatic war. French captured Fort St. David. Lally did the |
| mistake of recalling Bussy from Hyderabad. Later the French were badly routed at | |
| Wandiwash by the British under Sir Eyre Coote. | |
| 1757 | Battle Of Plassey. British under clive & treacher Mir Jaffar routed Siraj-ud-daula. Mir |
| Jafar was made Bengal but later replaced by his son-in-law Mir Kasim. He revolted & | |
| was again replaced by Mir Jafar. | |
| 1760 | Battle of Wandiwash. French decisively defeated |
| 1761 | Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali |
| 1764 | Battle of Buxar. Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-daula & Shah Alam II defeated by Major Munro. |
| Treaty of Allahabad signed which gave the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa & Bihar to | |
| the Enlish & trading rights in Awadh. Shah Alam on pension of 26 laksh/annum. | |
| 1767-69 | I Anglo Mysore war. Both the British & Haider Ali returned each others territories The |
| britisheres committed to help Haider against a third party invasion | |
| 1775-82 | First Anglo Maratha war. The British army was defeated. The humiliating convention |
| of Wadgaon was concluded in which the company was required to give up all the | |
| advantages of Treaty of Purandhar. Peace was at last restored by treaty of Salbai signed | |
| between Warren Hastings & Mahdji Scindia whereby salsette & Bassein were given to | |
| the British. | |
| 1780-84 | II Anglo Mysore War. In 1782 Haider Ali passed away due to illness leaving the |
| struggle to Tipu. War concluded by treaty of Mangalore | |
| 1790-92 | III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu signed the treaty of Seringapattam |
| 1799 | IV Anglo Mysore war. When the subsidiary alliance was offered to Tipu Sultan he |
| flatly refused & hence the war happened in which the Marathas & the Nizam helped the | |
| Britishers. Tipu died fighting the war. | |
| 1803-1805 | Second Anglo Maratha war. Marathas defeated. |
| 1814-16 | Anglo Nepal war. War came to an end by treaty of Sagauli |
| 1817-19 | Third Anglo Maratha war. Marathas decisively defeated |
| 1823-26 | First Anglo Burmese war. Buremese defeated & conducted Treaty of Yandahboo |
| 1839-42 | First Anglo Afghan war. The Britishers were defeated. |
| 1845-46 | First Anglo-Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Treaty of Lahore conducted |
| 1848-49 | Second Anglo Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Punjab annexed to British. Maharaja Dalip |
| Singh given an annual pension of 50,000 pounds & sent to England for higher studies | |
| & later converted to Christianity. The Kohinoor was gifted to Queen Victoria. | |
| 1852 | Second Anglo Burmese war. English successful |
| 1878-80 | Second Anglo Afghan war. English suffered losses. |
| 1885-87 | Third Anglo Burmese war. English annexed Burma |
| 1919-21 | Third Anglo Afghan war. English though victorious did not benefit from the war. |
| Important Treaties | |||||||||
| Treaty of Pondicherry | After the II Carnatic war. Muhammad Ali, son of late Anwar-ud-din was | ||||||||
| accepted as the Nawab of Carnatic. | |||||||||
| Treaty of Mangalore | Signed between Tipu & British in 1784. Under this Tipu withdrew his army | ||||||||
| 1784 | from Carnatic & English withdrew theirs from the Carnatic. | ||||||||
| Treaty of Seringapattam | After III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu had to pay heavy war indemnity & send as | ||||||||
| 1792 | hostages his two sons to the English. Half of his territory was ceded. He paid | ||||||||
| the war indemnity & his two sons were released. | |||||||||
| Treaty of Amritsar 1809 | Signed between British & Ranjit Singh in which the latter recognized their | ||||||||
| rights in the Cis-Sutlej areas. | |||||||||
| Treaty of Sagauli | After Anglo Nepalese war. The Gurkhas gave up their claim over the Tarai | ||||||||
| region& ceded claim over the areas of Kumaon & Garhwal to the British. | |||||||||
| Treaty of Lahore | After the first Anglo Sikh war. The territories lying to the south of river | ||||||||
| Sutlej were given to the company. | |||||||||
| Land Settlements | |||||||||
| Zamindari System (19%) | Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of NW provinces & northern Carnatic. | ||||||||
| 90 % of the revenue went to government & 10 % to Zamindar (British) | |||||||||
| Mahalwari System (30%) | Major parts of NW provinces, Central provinces & Punjab. Responsibility | ||||||||
| of paying revenue was with the entire village or mahal. (Based on | |||||||||
| traditional Indian system of economic community) | |||||||||
| Ryotwari system (51%) | Bombay & Madras presidencies, Assam, Berar & certain other parts. Land | ||||||||
| revenue was fixed for 20-40 years at a time (French in Origin) | |||||||||
| Books/Articles & Authors (Modern) | |||||||||
| Ghulamgiri (challenged superiority of Brahmins) | Jyotiba Phule | ||||||||
| Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to Monotheists in Persian) | Raja Rammohun Roy | ||||||||
| Dharma Tritiya Ratna, Ishvara & Life of Shivaji | Jyotiba Phule | ||||||||
| New Lamp for the Old (Series of Articles criticizing Congress) | Aurobindo Ghosh | ||||||||
| Doctrine of Passive Resistance (Articles in Bande Mataram) | Aurobindo Ghosh | ||||||||
| Indian War of Independence (seized by British) | V.D. Savarkar | ||||||||
| Loyal Muhammadans of India | Sayyid Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
| Tahaib-al-Akhlaq | Sayyid Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
| Asbab-e-Bagawar-e-Hind (Held Bahadur Shah II as fool for revolting) | Sayyed Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
| Neel Darpan | Dinbandhu Mitra | ||||||||
| How did America get Freedom | Ram Prasad Bismil | ||||||||
| The activities of Bolsheviks, The wave of the Mind, Colour of Swadeshi, | Ram Prasad Bismil | ||||||||
| Revolutionary Life | |||||||||
| Systematic History of Ancient India | V.A. Smith | ||||||||
| Hindu Polity | K.P. Jayaswal | ||||||||
| Political History of Ancient India | H.C. Raychaudhary | ||||||||
| A History of Ancient India; A history of South India | K.A. Nilkant Shastri | ||||||||
| Hindu Civilization; Chandragupta Maurya; Asoka; | R.K. Mookerji | ||||||||
| Fundamental Unity of India | |||||||||
| History of Dharmashastra | P.V. Kane | ||||||||
| The Wonder That was India | A.L. Basham | ||||||||
| Socio-Religious Reformers & their Organizations | |||||||||
| Atmiya Sabha (1815) | Raja Rammohun Roy |
| Brahmo Samaj (1828) | Raja Rammohun Roy. |
| Tattvabodhini Sabha (1839). Later merged with | Mahrishi Devendranath Tagore. |
| Brahmo Samaj in 1842 | |
| Indian national Social Conference | M.G. Ranade |
| Harijan Sevak Sangh | Mahatma Gandhi |
| Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873) | Jyotirao Phule (fight caste oppression) |
| Shri Narayana Dharma Partiplana Yogama | Shri Narayan Guru (fight caste oppression) |
| South Indian Liberal Federation (later became | T. Teagaraja & T.M. Nair (Self respect) |
| Justice party & then Dravida Kazhagam) | |
| Prarthana Samaj (1867) | Atma Ram Pandurang |
| Arya Samaj (1875) | Swami Dayanand |
| Servants of India Society (1905) | Gopal Krishna Gokhale (Rejected Knighthood) |
| Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha (1893 at | Chapekar Brothers – Damodar & Balakrishna. |
| Nasik) | |
| Abhinav Bharat | V.D. Savarkar |
| New India Association | V.D. Savarkar |
| Anushilan Samiti | Aurobindo Ghose, Barindra Kumar Ghose, B.P. |
| Mitra, Abinash Bhattacharya & Bhupendra Dutta | |
| Patriotic Association | Sayyid Ahmad Khan |
| Muhammad Anglo-Oriental Defence Association | Sayyid Ahmad Khan |
| Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha (1924) | B.R. Ambedkar |
| Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha | B.R. Ambedkar |
| Movements/Organizations | |
| Aligarh Movement | Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan |
| Deoband | Represented by Mohammad Qasim Nanautavi & Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. |
| Movement | Nanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was |
| strictly based on Islamic tradition unlike liberal Aligarh movement. The also | |
| promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat | |
| Ullah Sahib founded the, ‘Jamaitul Ulema-i-Hind’ to further work in this | |
| direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement. | |
| Muslim League | Nawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim |
| Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was | |
| prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at | |
| Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported | |
| partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the | |
| league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat | |
| Ali & M.A. Ansari. | |
| Home Rule League | Estd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president & |
| other members included Arundale, P.C. Ramaswamy Iyer, V.P. Wadia. | |
| Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune. | |
| Champaran | European planters forced the farmers to cultivate Indigo on atleast 3/20 |
| Satyagraha 1917 | (Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani, |
| Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of | |
| which even Gandhi was a member. | |
| Kheda Satyagraha | Kheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha |
| 1918 | the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could |
| afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi. | |
| Ahmedabad Mill | Mahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast |
| Problem 1918 | unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn |
| was main lieutenant of Gandhi here. | |
| Rowlatt Act | In March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any |
| Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was | |
| organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin | |
| Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally). | |
| Jallianwala Bagh | Demanded to know the whereabouts of Satyapal and Kitchlew throught the |
| Massacre | reciting of the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13th April, 1919). Martial |
| law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An | |
| enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title. | |
| Khilafat Movement | Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey. |
| Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari, | |
| Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the | |
| Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to | |
| Constantinople. | |
| Non Cooperation | Approval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie |
| 1920-22 | Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took |
| their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia | |
| were set up. No Congress leader contested for Elections. Mass demonstrations | |
| before Duke of Connaught & Prince of wales. Tilak Swarajya Fund was | |
| established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP | |
| incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das | |
| formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a | |
| purpose not to let the movement lapse. | |
| AITUC | Formed in 1920 with Lotvala’s help. M.N Roy, Muzzafarabad Ahmad, S. A |
| 1920 | Dange & Shaukat Osmani led the trade unionist movements. The Britishers |
| leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them. | |
| Swaraj Party | Suspension of Non Cooperation movement disoriented the Leadership. |
| Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support | |
| the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C. | |
| Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at | |
| Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party | |
| got clear majority in the Central legislature & Provincial legislatures except | |
| Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened & | |
| further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it | |
| suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras. | |
| Hindustan | Established in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil, |
| Republic | Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori |
| Associaiton 1924 | Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a |
| major setback.However, the group was reorganized under the leadership of | |
| Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan | |
| Vohra and Sukhdev on 9 and 10 September 1928- and the group was now | |
| christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Bhagat Singh, | |
| Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931. | |
| Communist Party | Was declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an |
| of India 1925 | agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the |
| Quit India Movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put | |
| forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states. | |
| Bardoli Satyagraha | In Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised |
| the tax rate by 30% despite famine. | |
| All India States | Formed in 1926 whose first session was held under the presidentship of the |
| People Conference | famous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai. |
| Simon | The purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7 |
| Commission | member commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration |
| under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of | |
| Simon Commission was published in May 1930. It stated the constitutional | |
| experiment with Dyarchy was unsuccessful & in its place recommended the | |
| establishment of autonomous government. It recommended special powers to | |
| governor general & governors to look after the interest of minorities, | |
| strengthening the centre, increasing electorate base on communal basis, | |
| Indianization of defence forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay. | |
| The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became | |
| a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935. | |
| Nehru Report, | Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead challenged the Indians to produce a |
| 1928 | constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8 |
| member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur | |
| Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R | |
| Pradhan. The report was placed before Congress Session in Calcutta in 1928 | |
| where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities | |
| instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar | |
| Kharak Singh rejected it. Later Jinnah convened an All India Conference of | |
| Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the | |
| dominion status. | |
| Dandi March | Reached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched |
| April 1930 | the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept |
| themselves aloof but in the NWFP an organization of Khudai Khidmatgar | |
| (Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi) | |
| participated in full. | |
| I Round table | Held under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues |
| Conference | as it was opposed by congress. |
| Nov 1930 | |
| Gandhi Irwin Pact | As per it Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement & |
| March 1931 | participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not |
| like this pact. | |
| II Round Table | At London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached. |
| Conference 1931 | In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed. |
| McDonald | The British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which |
| Communal Award | the depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi |
| 1932 | went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the |
| Consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona | |
| Act’. The British government also approved it. Accordingly 148 seats were | |
| reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award. | |
| III Round Table | The congress once more didn’t take part in it. None the less the British |
| Conference 1932 | Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935. |
| Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933 | |
| Congress Socialist | founded in 1934 by Jai Praksh Narain & Acharya Narendra Deva within the |
| Party 1934 | Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist |
| Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of | |
| Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP. | |
| After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP | |
| Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India. | |
| August Offer 1940 | Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to |
| frame the new constitution. | |
| Individual | Started in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were |
| Satyagraha 1940 | the first 3 satyagrahis. |
| Cripps Mission | Viceroy Lord Linlithgow expanded is Executive council by taking five more |
| 1942 | Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the |
| princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak | |
| also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan. | |
| Quit India | The fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In |
| Movement | the midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at |
| 1942-44 | Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist |
| Party whith its leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyuta Patwardhan played | |
| important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by & | |
| large remained indifferent. | |
| INA | Captain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a |
| the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence | |
| League. The name of the brigades were Subhash, Gandhi, Nehru & Rani | |
| Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to | |
| him. He named them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army | |
| marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan | |
| accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island. | |
| C.R. Formula 1944 | To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March |
| 1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan. | |
| Wavell Plan & | The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt |
| Shimla Conference | with the Indian demand of self-rule & reconstitution of viceroy’s executive |
| 1945 | council giving a balanced representation to the major communities. Executive |
| council was an interim arrangement in which all but the Viceory & the | |
| Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be | |
| held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence | |
| that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league | |
| muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council. | |
| Cabinet Mission | Pathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander. |
| 1946 | Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India |
| comprising both British India & princely states (only foreign, defence & | |
| Communication). A constitutional assembly was to be formed consisting of | |
| representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal | |
| basis in proportion to the Population of each province. Envisaged interim govt & | |
| said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not | |
| withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946. | |
| Elections | Following cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214 |
| general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of | ||
| 78 Muslim seats. Jinnah became greatly disturbed by the election results. He | ||
| demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later | ||
| 16 August 1946 was fixed as direct action day to withdraw its acceptance of | ||
| cabinet mission plan. Communal riots broke out in Bengal, United Province, | ||
| Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as | ||
| head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi. | ||
| However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government. | ||
| INA Trails | Held at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the | |
| case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S. | ||
| Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal. | ||
| RIN Mutiny 1946 | Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put | |
| up INA badges. | ||
| Mountbatten Plan | Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India | |
| in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim & | ||
| non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join. | ||
| The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held | ||
| in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh | ||
| was to decide whether to join India or not. | ||
| Indian Independece | The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18th July 1947. | |
| Act 1947 | Partition on 15th August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two | |
| dominions. Abolition of the post of secretary of state for India. Pending the | ||
| adoption of new constitution, the administration of the two dominions & the | ||
| provinces would be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the | ||
| government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General & | ||
| the Provincial governors would be ceased. Jinnah became the first governor | ||
| general of Pakistan. | ||
| Unification Drive | On 5th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover. | |
| He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all | ||
| the native princes to join the Indian union by 5th August. In Kashmir Hari Singh | ||
| sent his PM Meharchand Mahajan with the signed papers for the merger. In | ||
| Hyderabad the nawab wanted to continue his arbitary rule with the help of | ||
| Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of | ||
| accession signed. | ||
| Pondicherry & Goa | The other French territories were Karaikal, Mahe,Yanam & Chandernagore. | |
| Chandernagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the | ||
| French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal | ||
| transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of | ||
| Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987. | ||
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The Modern Period is a period of history that began in the 16th century and continues to the present day. It is characterized by a number of important developments, including the rise of the nation-state, the Industrial revolution, and the Enlightenment.
The Renaissance was a period of European history that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread to other parts of Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was a time of renewed interest in classical Learning and culture, and it led to a number of important developments in art, literature, and science.
The Reformation was a religious movement that began in Germany in the 16th century. It led to the establishment of Protestantism, a branch of Christianity that broke away from the Catholic Church.
The Scientific Revolution was a period of rapid scientific advancement that began in Europe in the 16th century. It led to a number of important discoveries in astronomy, physics, and chemistry, and it helped to lay the foundation for the modern world.
The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that began in Europe in the 17th century. It emphasized reason and individualism, and it led to a number of important changes in politics, society, and culture.
The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid economic and Social Change that began in Great Britain in the 18th century. It led to the development of new technologies, such as the steam engine, and it resulted in a shift from an agricultural to an economy/”>Industrial Economy.
The French Revolution was a political and social revolution that began in France in 1789. It led to the overthrow of the Monarchy and the establishment of a republic.
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars that were fought between France and other European powers from 1803 to 1815. They were named after Napoleon Bonaparte, who was the emperor of France from 1804 to 1814.
The American Revolution was a political revolution that began in the American colonies in 1775. It led to the establishment of the United States of America.
The Industrial Revolution in the United States began in the early 19th century. It led to the development of new technologies, such as the Cotton gin, and it resulted in a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy.
The Civil War in the United States was a civil war that was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. It was fought between the northern states and the southern states, and it led to the end of slavery in the United States.
The World Wars were two global conflicts that were fought in the 20th century. The First World War was fought from 1914 to 1918, and the Second World War was fought from 1939 to 1945. Both wars resulted in a great deal of death and destruction, and they had a profound impact on the course of history.
The Cold War was a period of tension and hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted from the end of World War II to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. It was a time of great fear and uncertainty, and it had a major impact on the world.
The 9/11 Attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that were carried out by al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people, and they had a profound impact on the world.
The War on Terror is a global campaign that was launched by the United States in the wake of the 9/11 Attacks. The goal of the war is to combat terrorism and to prevent future attacks.
The Arab Spring was a series of protests and uprisings that began in 2011 in the Middle East and North Africa. The protests were largely successful in overthrowing authoritarian regimes, but they also led to a great deal of violence and instability.
The COVID-19 Pandemic is a global pandemic that began in 2019. The virus has caused a great deal of death and illness, and it has had a major impact on the world economy.
The Modern Period has been a time of great change and upheaval. It has seen the rise and fall of empires, the development of new technologies, and the spread of new ideas. It has also been a time of great conflict, both within and between nations. The Modern Period is still ongoing, and it is impossible to say what the future holds. However, it is clear that the world will continue to change and evolve in the years to come.
Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about the Modern Period:
What is the Modern Period?
The Modern Period is a historical period that began in the 16th century and continues to the present day. It is characterized by a number of important developments, including the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution.What are some of the key events of the Modern Period?
Some of the key events of the Modern Period include the following:The Renaissance: A period of renewed interest in classical learning and culture that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread to other parts of Europe.
- The Reformation: A religious movement that began in Germany in the 16th century and led to the establishment of Protestantism.
- The Scientific Revolution: A period of rapid scientific advancement that began in the 16th century and led to the development of new technologies and scientific theories.
The Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid economic and social change that began in Great Britain in the 18th century and spread to other parts of Europe and North America.
What are some of the key figures of the Modern Period?
Some of the key figures of the Modern Period include the following:Leonardo da Vinci: An Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer who is considered one of the greatest geniuses of all time.
- Martin Luther: A German monk and theologian who is considered the founder of Protestantism.
- Galileo Galilei: An Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who is considered one of the founders of modern science.
- Isaac Newton: An English physicist and mathematician who is considered one of the most influential scientists of all time.
Adam Smith: A Scottish economist who is considered the father of modern economics.
What are some of the key ideas of the Modern Period?
Some of the key ideas of the Modern Period include the following:Individualism: The belief that the individual is the most important unit of society.
- Rationalism: The belief that reason is the most important source of knowledge.
- Progress: The belief that society is constantly improving.
- Science: The belief that the natural world can be understood through scientific inquiry.
Democracy: The belief that the government should be elected by the people.
What are some of the key challenges of the Modern Period?
Some of the key challenges of the Modern Period include the following:War: The Modern Period has been marked by a number of major wars, including the Thirty Years’ War, the Seven Years’ War, the Napoleonic Wars, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War.
- POVERTY: The Modern Period has also been marked by a great deal of poverty, both in the developed world and in the developing world.
- Inequality: The Modern Period has seen a growing gap between the rich and the poor, both within countries and between countries.
Environmental destruction: The Modern Period has seen a great deal of environmental destruction, due to human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and Climate change.
What is the legacy of the Modern Period?
The Modern Period has had a profound impact on the world, both positive and negative. On the positive side, it has led to great advances in science, technology, and medicine. It has also led to the spread of democracy and Human Rights. On the negative side, it has led to great wars, poverty, inequality, and environmental destruction. The Modern Period is a complex and contradictory period, and its legacy is still being debated today.
Sure, here are some multiple choice questions about the following topics:
- The Renaissance
- The Reformation
- The Scientific Revolution
- The Enlightenment
The Industrial Revolution
The Renaissance was a period of European history that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. It was a time of renewed interest in classical learning and culture, and it led to a flowering of art, literature, and science.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Renaissance?
(A) A renewed interest in classical learning and culture
(B) A flowering of art, literature, and science
(C) A decline in religious faith
(D) A rise in individualism
- The Reformation was a 16th-century religious movement that resulted in the establishment of Protestantism, a branch of Christianity that broke away from the Catholic Church.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of the Reformation?
(A) The sale of indulgences
(B) The Corruption of the Catholic Church
(C) The rise of humanism
(D) The invention of the printing press
- The Scientific Revolution was a period of rapid scientific advancement that began in Europe in the 16th century and lasted until the 18th century. It was a time of major breakthroughs in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?
(A) A reliance on observation and experimentation
(B) A rejection of traditional authority
(C) A focus on natural laws
(D) A belief in progress
- The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that began in Europe in the 18th century. It was a time of renewed interest in reason and science, and it led to a number of important political and social changes.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Enlightenment?
(A) A belief in reason and science
(B) A rejection of traditional authority
(C) A focus on individual rights
(D) A belief in progress
- The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid economic and social change that began in Great Britain in the 18th century and spread to other parts of Europe and the United States in the 19th century. It was a time of major advances in technology, transportation, and manufacturing.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Industrial Revolution?
(A) A shift from agriculture to manufacturing
(B) The development of new technologies
(C) The Growth of cities
(D) A decline in living standards
I hope these questions were helpful!