Miscellaneous Facts:

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1.The Marathas were Scindia (Gwalior), Holkar (Indore), Gaekwar (Baroda), Bhonsle (Nagpur).

2.Sawai Jai Singh of Amer (Jaipur) had Euclid’s ‘Elements of Geometry) & several works on Trigonometry were translated into Sanskrit. Banda Bairagi was baptised as Banda Singh Bahadur by Guru Gobind Singh.

3.Alfonso d’ Albuquerque came to India as The Portuguese governor & later captured Goa.

4.By a Farman issued in 1717 by Farrukh Siyar the East India company gained many concessions. The first British factory was established in 1651 in Hughli under permission from Shah Shuja, Subedar of Bengal & son of mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

5.Clive introducted the system of dual administration in Bengal under which the company acquired real power while the responsibility of administration – Nizamat as well as Diwani was exercised through Indians. This system was finally terminated by Warren Hastings.

6.Under subsidiary alliance a British resident & army was to be kept at the princely state & a portion of the territory/annual amount was to be given for maintenance. In return the states got British protection.

7.Devasting famine of Bengal in 1770 & 1837 (8 lakhs died). Later there was serious famine in 1896-97 & 1899-1901.

8.The sequence of states which were annexed by Doctrine of Lapse were Satara (1848), Sambalpur of Orissa, Jaitpur in Bundelkhand (both in 1849), Baghat (1850)Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854). Awadh was annexed on the grounds of misrule.

9.First direct translation of a Sanskrit work into English was completed by Charles Wilkins. The book that was translated was the Bhagavad-Gita. The pindaris were a group of irregular horsemen attached to the Maratha army who used to serve without pay but were allowed to plunder. The British suppressed them.

10. The Britishers stopped the pension of Peshwa Baji Rao II’s adopted son Nana Sahib, the nawab of Carnatic & the Raja of Tanjore.

11. The army officers in Bengal were paid two times extra allowance in comparison to their counterparts in Madras. Lord Clive stopped this & consequently the British Army Officers rose in revolt which came to be known as the White Revolt.

12. In 1853 Charles Wood became the Chairman of the board of control. Consequently by the Charter Act of 1853, Indians were allowed entry into the Civil Services. The minimum age was raised to 23 & its centre was England & Enlish was made the medium. The dispatch recommended the establishment of one university each in Calcutta, Bombay & Madras on the model of London University.

13. Cornwallis was the first Governor General to establish a regular police force on the British pattern in India. Warren Hastings established a fauzdari & Diwani Adalats. The Diwani adalats were presided over by the District collectors whereas Indian Judges assisted by Muftis & Qazis decided cases in Faujdari adalats.

Appeals from these adalats could be made to Sadar Diwani adalat & Sadar Nizamal adalat at Calcutta. Warren Hastings also established a madrasa in Calcutta to encourage study of Muslim laws.

14. The Sadar Diwani & Sadar Nizamat adalats operated on the basis of Indian laws.

15. Lord Cornwallis divested the collector of all judicial powers, thereby putting an end to his role as both the collector of revenue & the district magistrate. He created a new post called District judge for the purpose. During his period the system of Zamidari was introduced. The Mahalwari & Ryotwari systems were also devised to maximize revenue collections.

16. Gradation of criminal courts were – district, circuit, provincial circuit & the highest Sadar Nizamat Adalat. The Governor General enjoyed power of pardon. In case of Civil Law the gradation was Munsifs, court of registrars, district courts, provincial courts (Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad& Patna), Sadar Diwani Adalat & the highest King in Council.

17. Lord William Bentick established separate Sadar Nizamat Adalat & Sadar Diwan Adalat were set up at Allahabad for convenience of N W Indian Population.

18. The Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856. In 1891 though the enactment of the age of Consent act the minimum marriageable age for a girl was raised to 12 years. In 1930 though the Sharda Act the minimum age was raised to 14 years. After independence the limit was raised to 15 years (1948) & 18 years (1978).

19. Railways were introduced during Dalhousie’s period. Dalhousie also passed Religious Disabilities Act. Till 1850 a convert to other religion used to be disinherited from the ancestral property, but now even after adopting Christianity his claims on property remained intact. Lord Caning (1856-62) was the last governor general of the east India company.

20. In 1852 Inam commission was established. Its objective was to take over the lands on which revenue was not being paid.

21. Lord Ellenborough discontinued the practice of giving gifts to Bahadur Shah & stuck his name off the coins. Dalhousie asked him to vacate Delhi & shift to Qutab area. Canning announced that the emperor should renounce the title & his status be reduced to that of a prince.

22. The mode of carrying the Revolt of 1857 was chappatis & red lotus. Initally planned on 31^st May but on 29^th March Magal Pandey revolted. Bakht Khan was the actual leader at Delhi, Begum Hazrat Mahal at Lucknow (declared her minor son Bijris Kadar the nawab & rose in revolt), Nana Saheb, Tantya Tope, Azimullah khan at Kanpur, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur (Bihar),Ahmadullah at Rohilkhand, Ranga Bapuji Gupte in Maharashtra, Sonaji Pant & Ranga Rao Page of Kolhapur, Radhakrishna Dandsena at Ganjam. Chengalpet (under Annagiri & Krishna) near Madras was also a major centre.

23. Loyalist included Holkar of Indore, ruler of Gwalior, rulers of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nizam of Hyderabad, Gulab Singh of Kashmir, Sikh rulers of Patiala, Nawab of Bhopal, rulers of Tehri & Tikagarh. Big landlords, moneylenders & traders also supported the rule of the company. The English educated classes also remained indifferent. Queen of Bahadur Shah, Rani Jeenat Mahal & her two sons joined hands with the enemy.

24. Bahadur Shah was sent to Asylum in Rangoon where he died in 1862.

25. The white soldiers revolted because of their discontent due to shifting of their divisions from the East India Company to the command of British Crown. Due to this Canning had to remove nearly 10,000 soldiers. This was called the ‘Revolt of the whites’.

26. Following the revolt the army was reorganized. No European was recruited in the local forces. Crucial branches of army like artillery exclusive for British. Except for some loyal regiments the Bengal army was disbanded.

27. In 1876 the British Parliament passed an Act known as the ‘Royal Titles Act’ by which the Queen Victoria assumed the title of the ‘Empress of India’. The practice of Royal Darbar (1877) during Lytton was introduced to instill loyalty among the Indian princes. Again Royal Durbar at Delhi during Curzon’s period in 1903 to commemorate the coronation of Edward VII.

28. After 1857, due to the Press Registration Act of 1867, Liberty of press which had been given by Metcalf (1835) was finished. The Vernacular Press Act of Lord Lytton of 1878 which empowered the district magistrates to call upon the publisher to enter into a bond undertaking not to publish anything likely to excite feelings of dissatisfaction. English papers were exempted from it. No appeal could be made. Amrita Bazar Patrika started publishing in English instead of Bengali. Indian Arms Act passed by Lytton in 1878 barred Indians from possessing weapons unless considered loyal subjects by Britishers.

29. Through an act in 1860 the age limit fro Civils was reduced from 23 to 22 & it was further reduced to 21 in 1866 & probation in England extended for a period of 2 years from 1 year before. In 1864 Satyendra Nath Tagore was the first Indian to clear. In 1869, Sri Surendranath Banerjea, Sri Bihari Lal Gupta & R.C Dutt succeded. In 1877 the maximum age was further reduced from 21 to 19. Lytton proposed a plan for Statutory Civil Services in 1879 which was not to have the same status as covenanted services. However an amendment provided that a maximum of 1/6^th of its member should be Indians.

30. The Hunter Commission (1882) was officially known as the Indian Education Commission, appointed to review the state of education since Wood’s dispatch & headed by William Wilson Hunter.

31. Ilbert Bill (1883) of Ripon (1880-84) was meant for allowing Indian judges to try Europeans. Lord Ripon repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882.

32. Chief Pre Congress organizations were Land Holders Society (1837), British India Society (1843), British Indian Association (1851) in Bengal, Native Association (1852) in Madras & Bombay Association (1852) in Bombay. In 1866 Dadabhai Naroji (Grand Old Man of India & president of Congress twice) set up the East India Association in London.

33. The Pune Public Conference (Ganesha Vasudev Joshi, S.H. Sathe, Chiplunkar& MG Ranade) was established in 1870. In Calcutta the Indian league (Editors of ABP- Sisir Kumar Ghosh, Shambhuchand Mukherjee, Kali Mohan Das & J.C. Dutt) was established in 1875

34. The ‘Indian Association’ was set up in 1876. Its leaders were Anand Mohan Bose & Surendranath Banerjea. The Mahajan Sabha (P. Rangayya Naidu, V. Raghavachari & Anandcharlu) was estd in Madras in 1884. In 1885 Hume spoke of his own party as Indian National Union which later came to be known as Indian National Congress (during Dufferin’s tenure). The actual purpose was to strengthen British rule & act like a safety valve. Under the Leadership of William Digby, the congress opened a branch in England in 1888 & started a magazine called ‘India’.

35. Aurobindo Ghosh (1872-1950) returned to India after 14 years stay in England in January 1893. Annie Besant arrived in India the same year & Mahatma Gandhi went to S.A in connection with the trial of a merchant, Abdulla Seth. Tilak was arrested for seditious writing in his paper “Kesari” & sentenced for six years (1908-14) imprisonment. He asked Jinnah to defend him.

36. In 1904 the Administrative Secrecy Act was passed which considered breach on official secrets as a criminal offence. The same year the Indian Universities Act was passed which increased the government control on the universities.

37. In the partition of Bengal, Chittagong, Rajshahi & Dacca were merged with Assam to form new province. Dacca was proposed to be its capital. The remaining part included West Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. Finally Curzon announced the partition of Bengal on October 16, 2005. This was observed as ‘black day’.

38. In the 1915 session of the Muslim league Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojni Naidu & Madan Mohan Malviya took part which was presided by M.A. Jinnah. The Congress accepted the demand of separate electorates.

39. Gandhiji wrote in Hind Swaraj, ‘Passive resistance (Satyagraha) is an all sided sword’. He wanted the satyagrahi to observe perfect chastity, adopt POVERTY, follow truth & cultivate fearlessness.

40. Under the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 only 1 percent & under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, two & a half percent, & under Govt of India act 1935, 13 percent population became eligible voters. Elections to provincial legislatures were held in 1937 & the congress virtually swept the polls. The Muslim league could register victory only in 81 seats out of 482 Muslim seats. Viceroy Linlithgow assured Congress of his cooperation. The congress formed government in 7 states. In two states in Sindh & Assam ministries

were formed by congress support. In Punjab the Unionist Party & the Muslim League formed the Coalition Government & in Bengal the coalition ministry of Krishak Praja Party & the Muslim League came to power.

41. In 1937, after the elections Mohammad Ali Jinnah Proposed to form a coalition ministry in the United Provinces (as they were in minority) but the congress refused. At this juncture Jinnah proposed his ‘two-nation theory’. The Muslim league celebrated 12 December 1939, the day on which the Congress Ministries resigned from office as the ‘Deliverance Day’. However communal stock flared up in 1940 when the Muslim League accepting the two nation theory in its annual session at Lahore demanded Pakistan creation. The Jamait-ul-Ulema-e-Hind, Khudai Khidmatgar opposed the demand.

42. In 1939 without consulting the people of India, the British government involved the people in war. Hence the congress ministries resigned.

43. The Hindu Mahasabha was established in 1915 on the occasion of the Kumbh Mela at Hardwar by Madan Mohan Malaviya. V.D Savarkar, Lala Lajpat Rai participated in it.

44. On 26^th November 1949, Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the president of the constituent assembly formally signed the constitution, even while expressing his dissent on 20 points. It was primarily written in English & no educational qualification was set for any posts enshrined in it. India was then divided into 562 princely states (accounting for 48 % area & 20 % population) other than British India.

45. During 1941-45, no sessions of Congress were held due to arrest of all eminent leaders

46. Manabendra Nath Roy (March 21, 1887 January 25, 1954) was an Indian Communist leader. Roy was

born as Narendranath Bhattacharya. He had a leading role in revolutionary movements in India, Mexico, the Middle East, the Soviet Union, Indonesia and China. Like Marx he was both and activist and a phisopher; in fact Lenin called him “the Oriental Marx”. Roy tried to organize an armed insurrection in India in 1915; founded the Communist Party of Mexico (1919) and the emigre Communist Party of India in Tashkent (1920); rose to occupy the highest offices of the Communist International and led the Commintern’s delegation to China (1927). At the same time he authored such Marxist classics as India in Transition

(1922), The Future of Indian Politics (1926) and Revolution and Counter-revolution in China (1930); and founded the organ of the emigre Communist Party of India, The Vanguard (and later The Masses) and edited it for seven years (1922-28).

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Here is an ARTICLE about miscellaneous facts:

• The world’s largest producer of vanilla is Madagascar. Vanilla is a spice derived from the pods of the vanilla plant. It is native to Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, but it is now grown in many tropical regions around the world. Vanilla is used in a variety of foods, including desserts, ice cream, and baked goods. It is also used in perfumes and cosmetics.
• The world’s largest producer of coffee is Brazil. Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain Coffea species. When coffee berries turn from green to bright red in color – indicating ripeness – they are picked, processed, and dried. Dried coffee seeds (referred to as “beans”) are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. Roasted beans are ground and then brewed with near-boiling water to produce the beverage known as coffee.
• The world’s largest producer of cocoa is Ivory Coast. Cocoa is a tropical evergreen tree that is native to Central and South America. The tree’s seeds, called cocoa beans, are used to make chocolate. Cocoa beans are also used to make cocoa butter, which is used in cosmetics and other products.
• The world’s largest producer of tea is China. Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. It is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Tea can be prepared by infusing the leaves in hot water, or by brewing them in a teapot. Tea is often served with milk and sugar, or with lemon.
• The world’s largest producer of sugar is Brazil. Sugar is a sweet, crystalline substance that is obtained from sugarcane or sugar beets. It is used in a variety of foods, including desserts, candy, and baked goods. Sugar is also used in beverages, such as soft drinks and tea.
• The world’s largest producer of rice is China. Rice is a cereal grain that is widely grown and consumed in Asia. It is the staple food for over half of the world’s population. Rice is a member of the grass family and is related to wheat, barley, and oats. Rice is grown in flooded paddies, which are fields that are filled with water. The rice Plants grow in the water and are harvested when the grains are ripe.
• The world’s largest producer of wheat is China. Wheat is a cereal grain that is widely grown and consumed in the world. It is the staple food for over one-third of the world’s population. Wheat is a member of the grass family and is related to rice, barley, and oats. Wheat is grown in temperate climates and is harvested when the grains are ripe.
• The world’s largest producer of corn is the United States. Corn, also known as maize, is a cereal grain that is widely grown and consumed in the world. It is the staple food for over one-fifth of the world’s population. Corn is a member of the grass family and is related to wheat, barley, and oats. Corn is grown in temperate climates and is harvested when the grains are ripe.
• The world’s largest producer of soybeans is Brazil. Soybeans are a legume that is widely grown and consumed in the world. They are a major source of protein and oil. Soybeans are used in a variety of foods, including tofu, tempeh, and soy milk. They are also used to make biodiesel fuel.
• The world’s largest producer of potatoes is China. Potatoes are a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. The word “potato” may refer either to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were first domesticated by indigenous peoples of the Andes Mountains in South America. The Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century, and the crop quickly spread to other parts of the world. Potatoes are now grown in more than 100 countries and are a staple food for over one billion people.
• The world’s largest producer of tomatoes is China. Tomatoes are a fruit that is widely grown and consumed in the world. They are a member of the nightshade family and are related to potatoes, eggplants, and peppers. Tomatoes are a good source of VITAMINS A and C, as well as lycopene, an antioxidant that has been linked with a reduced risk of cancer. Tomatoes are used in a variety of foods, including salads, sauces, and salsas.
• The world’s largest producer of bananas is Ecuador. Bananas are a fruit that is widely grown and consumed in the world. They are a member of the banana family and are related to plantains, plantains, and jackfruit. Bananas are a good source of potassium, vitamin C, and fiber

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about miscellaneous facts:

1. What is the population of the earth?
   The population of the earth is about 8 billion people.

2. What is the capital of France?
   The capital of France is Paris.

3. What is the longest river in the world?
   The longest river in the world is the Nile River.

4. What is the highest mountain in the world?
   The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest.

5. What is the largest ocean in the world?
   The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean.

6. What is the coldest continent on Earth?
   The coldest continent on Earth is Antarctica.

7. What is the hottest continent on Earth?
   The hottest continent on Earth is Africa.

8. What is the most populous country in the world?
   The most populous country in the world is China.

9. What is the least populous country in the world?
   The least populous country in the world is Vatican City.

10. What is the most spoken language in the world?
    The most spoken language in the world is Mandarin Chinese.

11. What is the least spoken language in the world?
    The least spoken language in the world is Chamicuro, which is spoken by only one person.

12. What is the oldest language in the world?
    The oldest language in the world is Sumerian, which is spoken in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC.

13. What is the newest language in the world?
    The newest language in the world is Michif, which is a mix of Cree and French and is spoken in Canada.

14. What is the most expensive painting in the world?
    The most expensive painting in the world is the Mona Lisa, which is worth over $800 million.

15. What is the cheapest painting in the world?
    The cheapest painting in the world is probably a painting that you could make yourself.

16. What is the most popular sport in the world?
    The most popular sport in the world is soccer, which is also known as football.

17. What is the least popular sport in the world?
    The least popular sport in the world is probably some obscure sport that is only played by a few people.

18. What is the most expensive car in the world?
    The most expensive car in the world is the Bugatti La Voiture Noire, which is worth over $18 million.

19. What is the cheapest car in the world?
    The cheapest car in the world is probably a used car that you could buy for a few hundred dollars.

20. What is the most popular movie of all time?
    The most popular movie of all time is Avatar, which has grossed over $2.7 billion worldwide.

21. What is the least popular movie of all time?
    The least popular movie of all time is probably some obscure movie that no one has ever seen.

22. What is the most expensive house in the world?
    The most expensive house in the world is Antilia, which is located in Mumbai, India and is worth over $2 billion.

23. What is the cheapest house in the world?
    The cheapest house in the world is probably a shack that you could build yourself for a few hundred dollars.

24. What is the most popular book of all time?
    The most popular book of all time is the Bible, which has sold over 5 billion copies.

25. What is the least popular book of all time?
    The least popular book of all time is probably some obscure book that no one has ever read.

26. What is the most expensive piece of jewelry in the world?
    The most expensive piece of jewelry in the world is the Hope Diamond, which is worth over $250 million.

27. What is the cheapest piece of jewelry in the world?
    The cheapest piece of jewelry in the world is probably a piece of costume jewelry that you could buy for a few dollars.

28. What is the most popular website in the world?
    The most popular website in the world is Google, which has over 1 billion active users.

29. What is the least popular website in the world?
    The least popular website in the world is probably some obscure website that no one has ever visited.

30. What is the most expensive computer in the world?
    The most expensive computer in the world is the ENIAC, which was built in 1946 and cost over $487,000.

31. What is the cheapest computer in the world?
    The cheapest

1. What is the capital of France?
   (A) Paris
   (B) London
   (C) Berlin
   (D) Rome

2. What is the chemical symbol for gold?
   (A) Au
   (B) Ag
   (C) Cu
   (D) Fe

3. What is the name of the current president of the United States?
   (A) Joe Biden
   (B) Donald Trump
   (C) Barack Obama
   (D) George W. Bush

4. What is the longest river in the world?
   (A) Nile
   (B) Amazon
   (C) Yangtze
   (D) Mississippi

5. What is the name of the tallest mountain in the world?
   (A) Mount Everest
   (B) K2
   (C) Mount Kilimanjaro
   (D) Mount McKinley

6. What is the name of the largest ocean in the world?
   (A) Pacific Ocean
   (B) Atlantic Ocean
   (C) Indian Ocean
   (D) Arctic Ocean

7. What is the name of the largest continent in the world?
   (A) Asia
   (B) Africa
   (C) North America
   (D) South America

8. What is the name of the smallest continent in the world?
   (A) Australia
   (B) Antarctica
   (C) Europe
   (D) Asia

9. What is the name of the most populous country in the world?
   (A) China
   (B) India
   (C) United States
   (D) Indonesia

10. What is the name of the least populous country in the world?
    (A) Vatican City
    (B) Monaco
    (C) Nauru
    (D) Tuvalu

11. What is the name of the longest day of the year?
    (A) Summer solstice
    (B) Winter solstice
    (C) Spring equinox
    (D) Fall equinox

12. What is the name of the shortest day of the year?
    (A) Summer solstice
    (B) Winter solstice
    (C) Spring equinox
    (D) Fall equinox

13. What is the name of the largest country in the world by area?
    (A) Russia
    (B) Canada
    (C) China
    (D) United States

14. What is the name of the smallest country in the world by area?
    (A) Vatican City
    (B) Monaco
    (C) Nauru
    (D) Tuvalu

15. What is the name of the most populous city in the world?
    (A) Tokyo
    (B) Delhi
    (C) Shanghai
    (D) São Paulo

16. What is the name of the least populous city in the world?
    (A) Adamstown
    (B) Tristan da Cunha
    (C) Pitcairn Islands
    (D) Norfolk Island

17. What is the name of the longest river in the United States?
    (A) Mississippi River
    (B) Missouri River
    (C) Colorado River
    (D) Rio Grande

18. What is the name of the tallest mountain in the United States?
    (A) Denali
    (B) Mount Whitney
    (C) Mount Rainier
    (D) Mount Hood

19. What is the name of the largest lake in the United States?
    (A) Lake Superior
    (B) Lake Huron
    (C) Lake Michigan
    (D) Lake Erie

20. What is the name of the largest desert in the United States?
    (A) Death Valley
    (B) Great Basin Desert
    (C) Mojave Desert
    (D) Sonoran Desert

21. What is the name of the national bird of the United States?
    (A) Bald eagle
    (B) American robin
    (C) Blue jay
    (D) Northern cardinal

22. What is the name of the national flower of the United States?
    (A) Rose
    (B) Lily
    (C) Orchid
    (D) Daisy

23. What is the name of the National Anthem of the United States?
    (A) The Star-Spangled Banner
    (B) America the Beautiful
    (C) My Country, ‘Tis of Thee
    (D) God Bless America

24. What is the name of the national motto of the United States?
    (A) E pluribus unum
    (B) In God We Trust
    (C) Novus ordo seclorum
    (D) Annuit coeptis