Methods of production of washing soda; baking soda, bleaching powder

Washing soda

The chemical name of washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, and its chemical formula is Na2CO3.10H2O. So washing soda is hydrated salt of sodium carbonate containing 10 Molecules of water of crystallization. Sodium carbonate is manufactured by Solvay process.

The manufacture of sodium carbonate by Solvay process includes following steps:

Saturation of Sodium Chloride with Ammonia

First of all a cold and concentrated solution of sodium chloride called brine is saturated with ammonia to get a solution called ammoniacal brine.

Carbonation

In the second step the ammoniacal brine prepared in first step is dropped from the top of a tower called carbonating tower and carbon dioxide gas is passed into the tower from near its base. The carbonating tower has partitions which are made up of iron plates with hole in the center and covered with perforated plate. The function of these partitions is to slow down the down coming ammoniacal brine solution so that the upcoming carbon dioxide has enough time to react with it completely.

So as the ammoniacal brine comes down from the top of the carbonating tower, it reacts with carbon dioxide to form precipitates of sodium hydrogencarbonate (also called sodium bicarbonate):

NaCL + NH3 + CO2 + H2O = NaHCO3 + NH4CL

Baking soda:production and Manufacturing

Baking Soda, a sodium bicarbonate, is a naturally occurring substance that is present in all living things–it helps living things maintain the pH balance necessary for life. Baking Soda is made from soda ash, also known as sodium carbonate. The soda ash is obtained in one of two ways: it can be manufactured by passing carbon dioxide and ammonia through a concentrated solution of sodium chloride (table salt). In our case, it is mined in the form of an Ore called trona. Whether the soda ash is mined or processed, it is dissolved into a solution through which carbon dioxide is bubbled, and sodium bicarbonate precipitates out, forming ‘Pure, Safe and Natural” Baking Soda.

Steps of manufacturing

Soda ash can be manufactured chemically using the Solvay process, or it can be made from trona ore. If trona ore is used, it must first be mined. After it has been brought to the surface, the trona ore is transported to a variety of processing Plants. There, the ore is refined into a slurry of sodium sesquicarbonate, an intermediate soda ash product that actually contains both soda ash (sodium carbonate) and baking soda.
the intermediate soda ash solution is put into a centrifuge, which separates the liquid from the crystals. The crystals are then dissolved in a bicarbonate solution (a soda ash solution made by the manufacturer) in a rotary dissolver, thereby becoming a saturated solution. This solution is filtered to remove any non-soluble materials and is then pumped through a feed tank to the top of a carbonating tower.
Purified carbon dioxide is introduced into the bottom of the tower and held under pressure. As the saturated sodium solution moves through the tower, it cools and reacts with the carbon dioxide to form sodium bicarbonate crystals. These crystals are collected at the bottom of the tower and transferred to another centrifuge, where excess solution (filtrate) is filtered out. The crystals are then washed in a bicarbonate solution, forming a cake-like substance ready for drying. The filtrate that is removed from the centrifuge is recycled to the rotary dissolver, where it is used to saturate more intermediate soda ash crystals.
The washed filter cake is then dried on either a continuous belt conveyor or in a vertical tube drier called a flash dryer. The theoretical yield from the process, according to the Church & Dwight Company, is between 90 and 95 percent, and the baking soda manufactured is more than 99 percent pure.

production of bleaching powder

Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with formula Ca(ClO)2. It is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, chlorine powder, or chlorinated lime, used for water treatment and as a bleaching agents. This compound is relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow. It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air. It is not highly soluble in hard water, and is more preferably used in soft to medium-hard water. It has two forms: dry (anhydrous); and hydrated (hydrous).

Calcium hypochlorite is produced industrially by treating lime (Ca(OH)2) with chlorine gas. The reaction can be conducted in stages to give various compositions, each with different concentration of calcium hypochlorite, together with unconverted lime and calcium chloride.

2 Cl 2 + 2 Ca(OH) 2 → Ca(OCl) 2 + CaCl 2 + 2 H 2O

Bleaching powder is made with slightly moist slaked lime. It is not a simple mixture of calcium hypochlorite, calcium chloride, and calcium hydroxide. Instead, it is a mixture consisting principally of calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2, dibasic calcium hypochlorite, Ca3(OCl)2(OH)4, and dibasic calcium chloride, Ca3Cl2(OH)4.,

Washing soda, also known as sodium carbonate, is a white, water-soluble solid that is used in a variety of industrial and household applications. It is a major component of household cleaning products, such as dishwashing detergent and laundry detergent. It is also used in the manufacture of glass, paper, and textiles.

Washing soda can be produced by two main methods: the Leblanc process and the Solvay process. The Leblanc process is an older process that is no longer used commercially. The Solvay process is the current commercial method for producing washing soda.

The Leblanc process was developed in the late 18th century by Nicolas Leblanc. The process begins with the reaction of sodium chloride (salt) with sulfuric acid to produce sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. The sodium sulfate is then heated with limestone and coal to produce sodium carbonate, calcium sulfide, and carbon dioxide. The calcium sulfide is then reacted with water to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide. The hydrogen sulfide is then burned to produce sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide is then reacted with water to produce sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid is then recycled back to the beginning of the process.

The Solvay process was developed in the early 19th century by Ernest Solvay. The process begins with the reaction of sodium chloride (salt) with ammonia and carbon dioxide to produce ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. The ammonium chloride is then heated to produce ammonia and hydrogen chloride. The ammonia is then recycled back to the beginning of the process. The hydrogen chloride is then reacted with water to produce hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric acid is then used to produce sodium chloride.

Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, is a white, water-soluble solid that is used in a variety of industrial and household applications. It is a leavening agent, which means that it causes dough to rise when it is baked. It is also used in cleaning products, toothpaste, and other personal care products.

Baking soda can be produced by two main methods: the Solvay process and natural baking soda. The Solvay process is the current commercial method for producing baking soda. Natural baking soda is produced by the reaction of sodium chloride (salt) with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

The Solvay process begins with the reaction of sodium chloride (salt) with ammonia and carbon dioxide to produce ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. The ammonium chloride is then heated to produce ammonia and hydrogen chloride. The ammonia is then recycled back to the beginning of the process. The hydrogen chloride is then reacted with water to produce hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric acid is then used to produce sodium chloride.

Natural baking soda is produced by the reaction of sodium chloride (salt) with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The sodium chloride is dissolved in water and then carbon dioxide is bubbled through the solution. The carbon dioxide reacts with the sodium chloride to produce sodium bicarbonate. The sodium bicarbonate is then filtered out of the solution and dried.

Bleaching powder is a white, crystalline solid that is used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant. It is also used in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and other products.

Bleaching powder can be produced by two main methods: the chlorine-lime process and the electrolytic process. The chlorine-lime process is the current commercial method for producing bleaching powder.

The chlorine-lime process begins with the reaction of calcium oxide (lime) with water to produce calcium hydroxide. The calcium hydroxide is then reacted with chlorine gas to produce calcium hypochlorite. The calcium hypochlorite is then dissolved in water to produce bleaching powder.

The electrolytic process begins with the electrolysis of sodium chloride (salt) solution. The electrolysis produces chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide. The chlorine gas is then reacted with calcium hydroxide to produce calcium hypochlorite. The calcium hypochlorite is then dissolved in water to produce bleaching powder.

Washing soda

What is washing soda?
Washing soda is a sodium carbonate mineral that is used as a cleaning agent. It is also known as soda ash, sodium carbonate decahydrate, or sodium bicarbonate.
How is washing soda made?
Washing soda is made by heating sodium bicarbonate to a high temperature. This process causes the water molecules in the sodium bicarbonate to evaporate, leaving behind sodium carbonate.
What are the uses of washing soda?
Washing soda is used for a variety of purposes, including:
Cleaning: Washing soda is a powerful cleaning agent that can be used to clean a variety of surfaces, including floors, counters, and appliances.
Laundry: Washing soda can be used to soften water and remove stains from clothes.
Deodorizing: Washing soda can be used to deodorize carpets, furniture, and other surfaces.
Gardening: Washing soda can be used to control pests and diseases in plants.
What are the safety precautions for using washing soda?
Washing soda is a caustic substance that can irritate the skin, eyes, and Respiratory System. It is important to wear gloves and eye protection when using washing soda, and to avoid breathing in the dust.

Baking soda

What is baking soda?
Baking soda is a sodium bicarbonate mineral that is used as a leavening agent in baking. It is also known as sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or bicarbonate of soda.
How is baking soda made?
Baking soda is made by heating sodium chloride (table salt) to a high temperature. This process causes the sodium chloride to decompose into sodium and chlorine gas. The sodium is then combined with carbon dioxide gas to form sodium bicarbonate.
What are the uses of baking soda?
Baking soda is used for a variety of purposes, including:
Baking: Baking soda is a leavening agent that is used to make baked goods rise.
Cleaning: Baking soda is a mild abrasive that can be used to clean a variety of surfaces, including ovens, counters, and floors.
Deodorizing: Baking soda can be used to deodorize refrigerators, shoes, and other areas.
First aid: Baking soda can be used to treat minor burns and stings.
What are the safety precautions for using baking soda?
Baking soda is a non-toxic substance that is generally safe to use. However, it can cause skin irritation if it is not used properly. It is important to wear gloves when using baking soda, and to avoid getting it in your eyes.

Bleaching powder

What is bleaching powder?
Bleaching powder is a white powder that is used to bleach clothes and other materials. It is also known as calcium hypochlorite.
How is bleaching powder made?
Bleaching powder is made by passing chlorine gas through a solution of calcium hydroxide. This process causes the calcium hydroxide to react with the chlorine gas to form calcium hypochlorite.
What are the uses of bleaching powder?
Bleaching powder is used for a variety of purposes, including:
Bleaching: Bleaching powder is used to bleach clothes and other materials.
Disinfecting: Bleaching powder is a disinfectant that can be used to kill bacteria and viruses.
Deodorizing: Bleaching powder can be used to deodorize toilets, drains, and other areas.
Pest control: Bleaching powder can be used to control pests, such as cockroaches and ants.
What are the safety precautions for using bleaching powder?
Bleaching powder is a corrosive substance that can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. It is important to wear gloves and eye protection when using bleaching powder, and to avoid breathing in the dust.

Which of the following is not a method of producing washing soda?
(A) Solvay process
(B) Leblanc process
(C) Castner-Kellner process
(D) Hofmann process
Which of the following is not a use of washing soda?
(A) Detergent
(B) Softener
(C) Bleach
(D) Disinfectant
Which of the following is not a use of baking soda?
(A) Leavening agent
(B) Antacid
(C) Fire extinguisher
(D) Deodorant
Which of the following is not a use of bleaching powder?
(A) Bleaching agent
(B) Disinfectant
(C) Pesticide
(D) Fertilizer
Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for washing soda?
(A) Na2CO3
(B) NaHCO3
(C) CaCl2
(D) Ca(OH)2
Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for baking soda?
(A) Na2CO3
(B) NaHCO3
(C) CaCl2
(D) Ca(OH)2
Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for bleaching powder?
(A) Na2CO3
(B) NaHCO3
(C) CaCl2
(D) Ca(OCl)2
Washing soda is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water. It is used as a detergent, softener, and bleach.
Baking soda is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water. It is used as a leavening agent, antacid, and fire extinguisher.
Bleaching powder is a white, powdery solid that is soluble in water. It is used as a bleaching agent, disinfectant, and pesticide.