Matter In Our Surroundings

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Elements-compounds-mixtures/”>Matter in our surroundings, Elements, Compounds, Mixtures

Matter is any thing which has mass and occupies space. All solids, liquids and gases around us are made of matter. Scientist believe that matter is made of tiny particles that clump together. You cannot see these particles but you can see the matter, for example, a book, a car, a letter, a hand set, a piece of wood, tree, a bag etc.

A substance is a pure kind of matter having only one kind of constituent particle (atom or molecule). Water, iron, gold, copper, aluminum and Oxygen are examples of substances. All substances are matter but all forms of matter are not substances.

Elements

Elements All substances are made up of chemical elements. A chemical element is a basic form of matter that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances. A chemical element is a pure substance and it consists of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number. Examples of some elements are : helium, carbon, iron, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, copper, chlorine, iodine, uranium, and plutonium.

Elements are the building blocks of the Universe. In total, 114 elements have been listed so far. Out of the total 114 known elements, about 90 occur naturally on Earth and the remaining have been synthesized artificially by nuclear reactions. Only two elements namely hydrogen (92%) and helium (7%) make up about 99% of the total mass of the Universe. The remaining elements contribute only 1% to the total mass of the Universe.

Out of about 90 elements found naturally on Earth, two elements silicon and oxygen together make up almost three-quarters of the Earth’s crust. Our body is also composed of elements but the composition of elements in human body is very much different from that of the Earth’s crust.

Compounds

Chemical compound, any substance composed of identical Molecules consisting of atoms of two or more chemical elements.

All the matter in the universe is composed of the atoms of more than 100 different chemical elements, which are found both in pure form and combined in chemical compounds. A sample of any given pure elementis composed only of the atoms characteristic of that element, and the atoms of each element are unique. For example, the atoms that constitute carbon are different from those that make up iron, which are in turn different from those of gold. Every element is designated by a unique symbol consisting of one, two, or three letters arising from either the current element name or its original (often Latin) name. For example, the symbols for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are simply C, H, and O, respectively. The symbol for iron is Fe, from its original Latin name ferrum. The fundamental principle of the science of chemistry is that the atoms of different elements can combine with one another to form chemical compounds. Methane, for example, which is formed from the elements carbon and hydrogen in the ratio four hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom, is known to contain distinct CH4 molecules. The formula of a compound—such as CH4—indicates the types of atoms present, with subscripts representing the relative numbers of atoms.

Chemical compounds show a bewildering array of characteristics. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, some are solids, some are liquids, and some are gases. The colours of the various compounds span those of the rainbow. Some compounds are highly toxic to humans, whereas others are essential for life. Substitution of only a single atom within a compound may be responsible for changing the colour, odour, or toxicity of a substance. So that some sense can be made out of this great diversity, Classification systems have been developed. An example cited above classifies compounds as molecular or ionic. Compounds are also classified as organic or inorganic. Organic compounds (see below Organic compounds), so called because many of them were originally isolated from living organisms, typically contain chains or rings of carbon atoms. Because of the great variety of ways that carbon can bond with itself and other elements, there are more than nine million organic compounds. The compounds that are not considered to be organic are called inorganic compounds.

Within the broad classifications of organic and inorganic are many subclasses, mainly based on the specific elements or groups of elements that are present. For example, among the inorganic compounds, oxidescontain O2− ions or oxygen atoms, hydrides contain H− ions or hydrogen atoms, sulfides contain S2− ions, and so forth. Subclasses of organic compounds include alcohols (which contain the ―OH group), carboxylic acids (characterized by the ―COOH group), amines (which have an ―NH2 group), and so on.

Mixtures

Mixtures are the substances composed of two or more forms of matter. You can separate them by physical methods. Examples include a solution of salt and water, mixture of sugar and water, different gases, air, etc. In any mixture, the various components do not combine through any kind of chemical changes. Therefore, the components do not lose their individual properties.

When a sample of matter has the same composition throughout, we call that substance a homogeneous substance. A cup of water will have the same chemical composition throughout (symbol for water). That makes it a homogeneous substance. A piece of gold will also have the same chemical composition, making it a homogenous substance. Homogeneous Mixtures behave in a similar way — the substance formed appear to have the same chemical composition. Alloys and solutions are Homogeneous mixtures.

A mixture can also result in two or more phases clearly separated by boundaries. Very often, the separation can be clearly seen by the eye. A heterogeneous mixture is one that does not have uniform properties and composition. Take a look at a bowl of cereal with nuts. A spoon full will surely have a different number of nuts than a second spoonful taken at random. Another example—take some sea-sand into your palms. Look at it closely and you will notice that some sand particles are bigger than others, and the colors of some particles may be different too.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is all around us, and we interact with it every day. Matter can be found in three different states: solid, liquid, and gas.

Solids have a definite shape and volume. They are not easily compressed, and their particles are held together tightly. Examples of solids include water ice, wood, and Metal.

Liquids have a definite volume, but they do not have a definite shape. They can flow and take the shape of their container. Liquids are less dense than solids, and their particles are held together more loosely than the particles in solids. Examples of liquids include water, oil, and gasoline.

Gases do not have a definite shape or volume. They can expand and contract to fill any container. Gases are the least dense state of matter, and their particles are held together very loosely. Examples of gases include air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

Matter can change from one state to another. This is called a change of state. There are six different types of changes of state: melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation, and deposition.

Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid. This happens when the temperature of a solid is increased. For example, ice melts when it is heated.

Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid. This happens when the temperature of a liquid is decreased. For example, water freezes when it is cooled.

Boiling is the change of state from a liquid to a gas. This happens when the temperature of a liquid is increased to its boiling point. For example, water boils when it is heated to 100 degrees Celsius.

Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid. This happens when the temperature of a gas is decreased. For example, water vapor in the air condenses to form clouds when it is cooled.

Sublimation is the change of state from a solid directly to a gas. This happens when the temperature of a solid is increased to its sublimation point. For example, dry ice sublimates to form carbon dioxide gas.

Deposition is the change of state from a gas directly to a solid. This happens when the temperature of a gas is decreased to its deposition point. For example, water vapor in the air can deposit on cold surfaces to form frost.

Matter can also be classified into different types. The three main types of matter are elements, compounds, and mixtures.

Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. There are 118 elements in the universe, and each element has its own unique set of properties. Examples of elements include hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.

Compounds are substances that are made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined. Compounds have different properties than the elements that they are made of. Examples of compounds include water, salt, and sugar.

Mixtures are substances that are made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Mixtures can be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have the same composition throughout. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include air, salt water, and vinegar. Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have different compositions in different parts of the mixture. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures include sand and water, oil and water, and chocolate chip cookies.

Matter is all around us, and it is important to understand its properties and changes. By understanding matter, we can better understand the world around us.

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about the following topics:

  • Matter

What is matter?

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

What are the different States of Matter?

The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.

What are some examples of solids?

Some examples of solids are ice, wood, and metal.

What are some examples of liquids?

Some examples of liquids are water, oil, and gasoline.

What are some examples of gases?

Some examples of gases are air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

  • Atoms

What is an atom?

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element.

What are the parts of an atom?

The parts of an atom are the nucleus and the electron cloud.

What is the nucleus of an atom made of?

The nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons.

What are the electrons in an atom doing?

The electrons in an atom are moving around the nucleus.

  • Elements

What is an element?

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical means.

What are the different types of elements?

There are 118 elements in the periodic table.

What are some examples of elements?

Some examples of elements are hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon.

  • Compounds

What is a compound?

A compound is a substance that is made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined.

What are some examples of compounds?

Some examples of compounds are water, salt, and sugar.

  • Mixtures

What is a mixture?

A mixture is a substance that is made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

What are some examples of mixtures?

Some examples of mixtures are air, gasoline, and salad dressing.

  • Solutions

What is a solution?

A solution is a type of mixture that is made up of a solvent and a solute.

What are some examples of solutions?

Some examples of solutions are salt water, sugar water, and air.

  • Colloids

What is a colloid?

A colloid is a type of mixture that is made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined, but the particles of the solute are larger than the particles of the solvent.

What are some examples of colloids?

Some examples of colloids are milk, mayonnaise, and fog.

  • Suspensions

What is a suspension?

A suspension is a type of mixture that is made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined, but the particles of the solute are larger than the particles of the solvent and will eventually settle out of the mixture.

What are some examples of suspensions?

Some examples of suspensions are muddy water, blood, and paint.

1. What is the state of matter of water at room temperature?
(A) Solid
(B) Liquid
(C) Gas
(D) Plasma

2. What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
(A) A mixture is made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined, while a compound is made up of two or more substances that are chemically combined.
(B) A mixture is made up of two or more substances that are not evenly mixed, while a compound is made up of two or more substances that are evenly mixed.
(C) A mixture is made up of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means, while a compound is made up of two or more substances that cannot be separated by physical means.
(D) A mixture is made up of two or more substances that have different properties, while a compound is made up of two or more substances that have the same properties.

3. What is the difference between an element and a compound?
(A) An element is made up of one type of atom, while a compound is made up of two or more types of atoms.
(B) An element is made up of one type of molecule, while a compound is made up of two or more types of molecules.
(C) An element is a pure substance, while a compound is a mixture.
(D) An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, while a compound is a substance that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

4. What is the difference between a physical property and a chemical property?
(A) A physical property is a property that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance, while a chemical property is a property that can only be observed by changing the identity of the substance.
(B) A physical property is a property that does not depend on the amount of substance present, while a chemical property is a property that depends on the amount of substance present.
(C) A physical property is a property that can be observed without changing the state of matter of the substance, while a chemical property is a property that can only be observed by changing the state of matter of the substance.
(D) A physical property is a property that can be observed without changing the chemical composition of the substance, while a chemical property is a property that can only be observed by changing the chemical composition of the substance.

5. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
(A) A physical change is a change in the state of matter of a substance, while a chemical change is a change in the chemical composition of a substance.
(B) A physical change is a change that can be reversed, while a chemical change is a change that cannot be reversed.
(C) A physical change is a change that does not produce new substances, while a chemical change is a change that produces new substances.
(D) A physical change is a change that does not involve the breaking or forming of chemical Bonds, while a chemical change is a change that involves the breaking or forming of chemical bonds.