Madhya Pradesh: Health, Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE and health policy
The state of Madhya Pradesh is one of the Empowered Action Group states of the National Health Mission. These states have struggled to contain Population Growth at manageable levels and have poorer Quality Of Life indicators than other states. The central government has released significant funds to address issues such as human Resources, social challenges, and family planning for these states. Madhya Pradesh struggles with health problems that contribute to high maternal and child mortality rates. These problems include anemia, Malnutrition among adults and children, early childhood illnesses, and several infectious diseases (NFHS-3, 2006). The state health infrastructure and human resources do not measure up against the standard guidelines (National Health Mission, 2015).Our study was conducted in the districts of Panna and Satna, which have among the poorest indicators for maternal and child health in the state.
According to the Eighth Common Review Mission Report of the National Health Mission, the major challenges for the state have been large gaps in healthcare infrastructure, lack of timely transportation for maternal care, and weak referral linkages to the district level. At the subdistrict level, lack of specialists and of blood storage units create challenges for maternal care. Guidelines for maternal and child care exist but are not followed or are not updated. Many of the Nutrition rehabilitation centers for undernourished mothers and children at the subdistrict level are nonfunctional (NRHM, 2014.
Access to and affordability of care are challenges for Madhya Pradesh. The seventy first round of the National Sample Survey found that the Average out of pocket hospital expenditure in Madhya Pradesh of 24,085 Indian rupees (approximately 360 US dollars) is higher than the national average of eighteen thousand Indian rupees (approximately 268 dollars). These expenditures in Madhya Pradesh are also higher than they are in states where care is dominated by the private sector, such as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, and most of the country. Out of pocket expenditures are higher in Madhya Pradesh despite a nearly equal balance between public and private facilities (NSSO, 2014).
Health infrastructure
Like the rest of the country, the state of Madhya Pradesh has also tended to focus more on selective vertical programmes aimed at specific diseases, rather than comprehensive health care at the Primary level. The state has focused on Reproductive and Child Health and other National Programmes aimed at controlling TB, Blindness, Malaria etc. However, there is a growing realization at the national as well as state level, that such an approach, though successful in terms of specific diseases such as Polio and Leprosy, has not yielded desired results in many cases. It has also kept the community involvement away from health care. The National Rural Health Mission aims at integrating the vertical programmes and providing horizontal linkages that will strengthen the health delivery system and lead to greater involvement of the community. The state of Madhya Pradesh is also moving in a similar direction.
Health care delivery Options are available in the public sector as well as the private sector. These include allopathic, Indian system of medicine (Ayurvedic, Unani) and Homeopathy. However, Allopathy is the dominant system in both public and private sectors.
The health care delivery system in rural areas is based on a Network of 8835 sub health centres, 1194 private health centres and 227 community health centres. These have been set up in accordance with GoI policy/guidelines:
Sub Health Centre (SHC): staffed by a MPW (male) and a MPW(female)/ANM, the SHC is envisaged to cater to a population of 5000 (3000 in hilly areas), provide limited primary care and act as a stock point for basic medical and family welfare supplies. In MP, a population of 5000 could be scattered across 6 villages. There is minimal curative service at the SHC.
Primary Health Centre (PHC): is envisaged to have a qualified medical officer, cater to a population of 30,000 (20,000 in hilly areas), provide in patient Services (6 beds) and act as a referral unit for 6 SHCs
Community Health Centre (CHC): is envisaged to have 4 medical specialists (including surgeon, physician, gynecologist, pediatrician), 30 beds, operating theatre, laboratory facilities and act as a referral centre for 4 PHCs.
In urban areas there are 48 district and 57 civil hospitals, which are also expected to act as referral centres for CHCs. In addition, there are specialized hospitals (TB, leprosy, mental) as well as hospitals attached to medical colleges.
Tertiary health care is provided almost exclusively by specialist and medical school teaching hospitals and by the district and civil hospitals in the larger cities.
Policy
The Department of Public Health and Family Welfare, Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) has taken a decision to develop a medium term health strategy, intended to serve the State for next five years.
The Department of Health and Family Welfare will:
- Ensure that the population has access to a range of affordable essential health promotion and preventive services, and simple curative and emergency services of acceptable quality.
- Promote appropriate health seeking behaviour by all citizens.
- Ensure that the poor have access to a safety net to cope with adverse economic and social impacts of serious illness.
- Promote partnerships with civil Society groups, Panchayati Raj Institutions, NGOs, donor agencies, the private sector and other development partners to achieve its aims
- Improve accountability and cost effectiveness of the public sector.
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Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India. It is the second-largest state in India by area, after Rajasthan. The state has a population of over 75 million people, making it the fifth-most populous state in India. The capital of Madhya Pradesh is Bhopal.
The health infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh is relatively poor. The state has a shortage of doctors and nurses, and many of the hospitals are in poor condition. The government has been working to improve the health infrastructure in recent years, but there is still a long way to go.
The health policy in Madhya Pradesh is focused on providing affordable and accessible healthcare to all citizens. The State Government has implemented a number of programs to achieve this goal, including the Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana (RGJAY), which provides free medical treatment to all families below the POVERTY line.
The health care system in Madhya Pradesh is divided into three tiers: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary care system is the first point of contact for patients, and it includes government hospitals, community health centers, and primary health centers. The secondary care system includes district hospitals and medical colleges, and the tertiary care system includes super-specialty hospitals.
Health insurance in Madhya Pradesh is provided by the government through the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY). The RSBY is a health insurance scheme that provides coverage for hospitalization and other medical expenses. The scheme is available to all families below the Poverty Line, and it is implemented by the state government.
Health Education in Madhya Pradesh is provided by the government through the school health program. The school health program includes health education classes, immunization programs, and nutrition programs. The program is implemented by the state government, and it is aimed at improving the health of children and adolescents.
Health research in Madhya Pradesh is conducted by the government through the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The ICMR is a government organization that conducts medical research. The ICMR has a number of research centers in Madhya Pradesh, and it is working to improve the health of the population through research.
Health statistics in Madhya Pradesh are collected by the government through the Directorate of Health Services. The Directorate of Health Services is a government organization that is responsible for collecting and analyzing health data. The data is used to monitor the health of the population and to plan health programs.
Health facilities in Madhya Pradesh are provided by the government and by the private sector. The government provides health facilities through government hospitals, community health centers, and primary health centers. The private sector provides health facilities through private hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes.
Health workers in Madhya Pradesh are provided by the government and by the private sector. The government provides health workers through government hospitals, community health centers, and primary health centers. The private sector provides health workers through private hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes.
The health budget in Madhya Pradesh is allocated by the state government. The health budget is used to fund the health infrastructure, the health care system, health education, health research, and health statistics. The health budget is a significant part of the state budget, and it is used to improve the health of the population.
Health reforms in Madhya Pradesh are being implemented by the government to improve the health of the population. The reforms include the implementation of the National Health Mission (NHM), which is a government program that is aimed at improving the health of the population. The NHM is being implemented in all states of India, and it is making a significant impact on the health of the population.
Health challenges in Madhya Pradesh include the high prevalence of communicable diseases, the low coverage of immunization, the high prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and the shortage of health workers. The government is working to address these challenges through a number of programs, including the NHM.
Health goals in Madhya Pradesh include the reduction of the prevalence of communicable diseases, the increase in the coverage of immunization, the reduction of the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and the increase in the number of health workers. The government is working to achieve these goals through a number of programs, including the NHM.
Health Indicators in Madhya Pradesh are used to monitor the health of the population. The indicators include the infant mortality rate, the maternal mortality rate, the life expectancy, and the prevalence of communicable diseases. The indicators are used to track the progress of the government’s health programs, and they are used to identify areas where there is a need for improvement.
Health outcomes in Madhya Pradesh are the results of the government’s health programs. The outcomes include the reduction in the prevalence of communicable diseases, the increase in the coverage of immunization, the reduction in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and the increase in the number of health workers. The outcomes are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the government’s health programs, and they are used to make changes to the programs as needed.
Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about health, infrastructure, and health policy in Madhya Pradesh:
- What is the health status of Madhya Pradesh?
Madhya Pradesh has a high burden of disease, with a life expectancy of 68 years and a maternal mortality rate of 220 per 100,000 live births. The state also has a high prevalence of malnutrition, with 38% of children under five years old being stunted.
- What are the main health challenges in Madhya Pradesh?
The main health challenges in Madhya Pradesh are communicable diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS; non-communicable diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes; and maternal and child health issues.
- What is the government doing to address the health challenges in Madhya Pradesh?
The government of Madhya Pradesh is taking a number of steps to address the health challenges in the state, including:
- Investing in infrastructure, such as hospitals and clinics.
- Expanding access to health services, such as immunization and family planning.
- Promoting healthy lifestyles, such as through nutrition education and physical activity programs.
Strengthening the health system, such as by training health workers and improving the quality of care.
What are the results of the government’s efforts to improve health in Madhya Pradesh?
The government’s efforts to improve health in Madhya Pradesh have had some success. For example, the state has made progress in reducing the prevalence of malnutrition and increasing access to immunization services. However, there are still many challenges to be addressed, such as the high burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
- What are the key priorities for the future of health in Madhya Pradesh?
The key priorities for the future of health in Madhya Pradesh are to:
- Continue to invest in infrastructure and access to health services.
- Promote healthy lifestyles and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
- Strengthen the health system and improve the quality of care.
- Address the needs of vulnerable populations, such as Women, children, and the poor.
Question 1
The following are the top 10 causes of death in Madhya Pradesh in 2019:
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Lower respiratory infections
- Diarrheal diseases
- Tuberculosis
- Road traffic accidents
- HIV/AIDS
- Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis
- Malignant neoplasms
Which of the following is NOT among the top 10 causes of death in Madhya Pradesh in 2019?
(A) Ischemic heart disease
(B) Stroke
(C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
(D) Lower respiratory infections
(E) Diarrheal diseases
Answer
(E) Diarrheal diseases is NOT among the top 10 causes of death in Madhya Pradesh in 2019. The top 10 causes of death in Madhya Pradesh in 2019 are:
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Lower respiratory infections
- Tuberculosis
- Road traffic accidents
- HIV/AIDS
- Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis
- Malignant neoplasms
- Suicide
Question 2
The following are the key health indicators for Madhya Pradesh in 2019:
- Life expectancy at birth: 67.1 years
- Infant mortality rate: 42 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality rate: 167 per 100,000 live births
- Under-5 mortality rate: 67 per 1,000 live births
- Malnutrition prevalence (children under 5): 35.7%
- HIV prevalence (adults aged 15-49): 0.3%
- Tuberculosis incidence rate: 100 per 100,000 population
- Access to improved sanitation: 66%
- Access to improved water: 93%
Which of the following is NOT among the key health indicators for Madhya Pradesh in 2019?
(A) Life expectancy at birth
(B) Infant mortality rate
(C) Maternal mortality rate
(D) Under-5 mortality rate
(E) Malnutrition prevalence (children under 5)
Answer
(E) Malnutrition prevalence (children under 5) is NOT among the key health indicators for Madhya Pradesh in 2019. The key health indicators for Madhya Pradesh in 2019 are:
- Life expectancy at birth: 67.1 years
- Infant mortality rate: 42 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality rate: 167 per 100,000 live births
- Under-5 mortality rate: 67 per 1,000 live births
- HIV prevalence (adults aged 15-49): 0.3%
- Tuberculosis incidence rate: 100 per 100,000 population
- Access to improved sanitation: 66%
- Access to improved water: 93%
Question 3
The following are the key health challenges for Madhya Pradesh:
- High rates of communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS
- Low levels of access to health care, especially in rural areas
- High rates of malnutrition and stunting
- Poor sanitation and hygiene practices
- Gender-based violence
- Lack of awareness about health issues
Which of the following is NOT among the key health challenges for Madhya Pradesh?
(A) High rates of communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS
(B) Low levels of access to health care, especially in rural areas
(C) High rates of malnutrition and stunting
(D) Poor sanitation and hygiene practices
(E) Lack of awareness about health issues
Answer
(D) Poor sanitation and hygiene practices is NOT among the key health challenges for Madhya Pradesh. The key health challenges for Madhya Pradesh are:
- High rates of communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS
- Low levels of access to health care, especially in rural areas
- High rates of malnutrition and stunting
- Gender-based violence
- Lack of awareness about health issues
Question 4
The following are the key health interventions for Madhya Pradesh:
- Expanding access to primary health care
- Improving the quality of health care services
- Reducing the burden of communicable