Lord Wellesley (1789-1805)

INTRODUCTION

Lord Wellesley became the Governor General of India at a time when the British were involved in a life and death struggle with France all over the world. He soon realized that the political conditions in India were favorable for the expansion of the British Empire in India.
Lord Wellesley adopted the policy of Subsidiary Alliance to keep the Indian rulers under control and to further strengthen the British Empire in India. He opened a college to train the Company’s servants in Calcutta and is known as the Father of Services-in-india/”>Civil services in India. Lord Wellesley founded the Fort William College in Calcutta, which was a training center for those who would be involved in governing India. The important events that took place during Lord Wellesley’s tenure as the Governor General of India were the fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1979) and the second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805).

Subsidiary Alliance

In reality, by signing a Subsidiary Alliance, an India state virtually signed away−
- Its independence;
- The right of self-defense;
- Maintaining the diplomatic relations;
- Employing foreign experts; and
- Settling its disputes with its neighbors.
As a consequence of Subsidiary Alliance, lakhs of soldiers and officers were deprived of their hereditary livelihood, spreading misery and degradation in the country.
Many of the unemployed soldiers joined the roaming bands of Pindareeswhich were to ravage the whole of India during the first two decades of the 19^th
The Subsidiary Alliance System was, on the other hand, extremely advantageous to the British. They could now maintain a large army at the cost of the Indian states.
Lord Wellesley signed his first Subsidiary Treaty with the Nizamof Hyderabad in 1798.
The Nizamwas to dismiss his French-trained troops and to maintain a subsidiary force of six battalions at a cost of £ 241,710 per year. In return, the British guaranteed his state against Maratha encroachments.
In 1800, the subsidiary force was increased and, in lieu of cash payment, the Nizamceded part of his territories to the Company.
The Nawabof Avadh was forced to sign a Subsidiary Treaty in 1801. In return for a larger subsidiary force, the Nawab was forced to surrender to the British nearly half of his kingdom consisting of Rohilkhand and the territory lying between the Rivers Ganga and the Yamuna.
Wellesley dealt with Mysore, Carnatic, Tanjore, and Surat even more sternly.
Tipu of Mysore would, of course, never agreed to a Subsidiary Treaty. On the contrary, he had never reconciled himself to the loss of half of his territory in 1791. He worked incessantly to strengthen his forces for the inevitable struggle with the British.
Tipu Sultan entered into negotiations for an alliance with Revolutionary France. He sent missions ‘to Afghanistan, Arabia, and Turkey to forge an anti-British alliance.
Lord Wellesley was no less determined to bring Tipu to heel and to prevent any possibility of the French re-entering India.
The British army attacked and defeated Tipu in a brief but fierce war in 1799, before French help could reach him.
Tipu still refused to beg for peace on humiliating terms. He proudly declared that it was “better to die like a soldier, than to live a miserable dependent on the infidels, in the list of their pensioned, rajas and Nawabs.“
Tipu met a hero’s end on 4 May 1799 while defending his capital Seringapatam. His army remained loyal to him to the very end.
Nearly half of Tipu’s dominions were divided between the British and their ally, the Nizam. The reduced kingdom of Mysore was restored to the descendants of the original rajasfrom whom Haidar Ali had seized power.
A special treaty of Subsidiary Alliance was imposed on the new Rajaby which the Governor-General was authorized to take over the administration of the state in case of necessity.
An important result of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was the complete elimination of the French threat to British supremacy in India.
In 1801, Lord Wellesley forced a new treaty upon the puppet Nawabof Carnatic compelling him to cede his kingdom to the Company in return for a handsome pension.
The Madras Presidency as it existed till 1947 was created, by attaching the Carnatic to territories seized from Mysore and Malabar.
The territories of the rulers of Tanjore and Surat were taken over and their rulers pensioned off.
The Marathas were the only major Indian power left outside the sphere of British control. Wellesley now turned his attention towards them and began aggressive interference in their internal affairs.

The Maratha Empire (during the Wellesley time) consisted of a confederacy of five big chiefs, namely −
- The Peshwa at Poona;
- The Gaekwad at Baroda;
- The Sindhia at Gwalior;
- The Holkar at Indore; and
- The Bhonsle at Nagpur.
The Peshwa was the nominal head of the confederacy.
Unfortunately, the Marathas lost nearly all of their wise and experienced leaders towards the close of the 18^th
Mahadji Sindhia, Tukoji Holker, Ahilya Bai Holker, Peshwa Madhav Rao II, and Nana Phadnavis, the people who had kept the Maratha confederacy together for the last 30 years, all were dead by the year 1800.
What was worse, the Maratha chiefs were engaged in bitter fratricidal strife, blind to the real danger from the rapidly advancing foreigners.
Wellesley had repeatedly offered a subsidiary alliance to the Peshwa and Sindhia. But the far-sighted Nana Phadnavis had refused to fall into the trap.
On 25 October 1802, the day of the great festival of Diwali, Holkar defeated the combined armies of’ the Peshwaand Sindhia, the cowardly Peshwa Baji Rao II rushed into the arms of the English and on the fateful last day of 1802 signed the Subsidiary Treaty at Bassein.
The following map shows the acquired British territories in 1765 and 1805.

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS, (1 May 1769 â 14 September 1852), was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1828 to 1830. He is best known for his military career, which culminated in his victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Wellesley was born in Dublin, Ireland, the third son of Garrett Wellesley, 1st Earl of Mornington, and Anne Hill. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Woolwich. He entered the British Army in 1787 and served in the West Indies and India. In 1796, he was promoted to the rank of colonel and given command of a brigade in the British expedition to Portugal.

Wellesley distinguished himself in the Peninsular War (1808â1814), a series of battles fought between the British and French armies in Spain and Portugal. He won a series of victories against the French, including the Battle of Salamanca (1812) and the Battle of Vittoria (1813). In 1814, he led the British army into France and defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.

After the war, Wellington was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He served in this position for two years, during which time he oversaw the passage of the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829. He retired from politics in 1830 and died in 1852.

Wellesley was a brilliant military strategist and tactician. He was also a skilled diplomat and politician. He is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history.

Governor-General of India

Wellesley was appointed Governor-General of India in 1798. He served in this position until 1805. During his time as Governor-General, he fought the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1799â1805) and the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799â1801). He also negotiated the Treaty of Bassein (1802) with the Maratha Empire and the Treaty of Salbai (1803) with the Nizam of Hyderabad.

Third Anglo-Maratha War

The Third Anglo-Maratha War was fought between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire from 1799 to 1805. The war was caused by the Maratha Empire’s expansion into territories controlled by the British East India Company. The British were victorious in the war and the Maratha Empire was forced to cede territory to the British.

Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was fought between the British East India Company and the Mysore Kingdom from 1799 to 1801. The war was caused by the Mysore Kingdom’s expansion into territories controlled by the British East India Company. The British were victorious in the war and the Mysore Kingdom was forced to cede territory to the British.

Treaty of Bassein

The Treaty of Bassein was signed on 31 December 1802 between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire. The treaty was negotiated by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, who was then Governor-General of India. The treaty gave the British control of several Maratha territories, including Bassein, Salsette, and Thane.

Treaty of Salbai

The Treaty of Salbai was signed on 17 May 1803 between the British East India Company and the Nizam of Hyderabad. The treaty was negotiated by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, who was then Governor-General of India. The treaty gave the British control of several Nizam territories, including Berar and Aurangabad.

Treaty of Amritsar

The Treaty of Amritsar was signed on 25 March 1809 between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire. The treaty was negotiated by Lord Lake, who was then Commander-in-Chief of the British Indian Army. The treaty gave the British control of the Punjab region.

Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance

The Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance was a series of treaties signed between the British East India Company and various Indian states from the late 18th century to the early 19th century. The treaties required the Indian states to provide the British with military support in exchange for British protection.

Permanent Settlement

The Permanent Settlement was a land revenue system introduced in Bengal by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The system fixed the land revenue payable by the

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The following is not a reason for the American Revolution:
(A) The British government imposed taxes on the American colonies without their Consent.
(B) The British government restricted American trade with other countries.
(C) The British government stationed troops in the American colonies without the consent of the colonists.
(D) The British government refused to give the American colonists representation in Parliament.
The following is not a reason for the French Revolution:
(A) The French government was deeply in debt.
(B) The French government was ruled by an Monarchy/”>Absolute monarchy.
(C) The French government was inefficient and corrupt.
(D) The French government was unable to provide basic necessities for its people.
The following is not a result of the American Revolution:
(A) The United States of America was founded.
(B) The British Empire was weakened.
(C) France became a major power in Europe.
(D) Spain lost control of its colonies in the Americas.
The following is not a result of the French Revolution:
(A) The French monarchy was abolished.
(B) The French Revolution spread to other parts of Europe.
(C) Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of France.
(D) The French Revolution led to the Rise of Nationalism in Europe.
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(A) The invention of new machines.
(B) The discovery of new sources of energy.
(C) The Growth of Population.
(D) The development of new transportation systems.
The following is not a result of the Industrial Revolution:
(A) The rise of a new middle class.
(B) The growth of cities.
(C) The improvement of living standards for many people.
(D) The pollution of the Environment.
The following is not a reason for the American Civil War:
(A) The issue of slavery.
(B) The issue of states’ rights.
(C) The issue of Economic Development.
(D) The issue of tariffs.
The following is not a result of the American Civil War:
(A) The end of slavery in the United States.
(B) The reunification of the United States.
(C) The strengthening of the federal government.
(D) The weakening of the Democratic Party.
The following is not a reason for World War I:
(A) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
(B) The rise of nationalism in Europe.
(C) The formation of alliances between European powers.
(D) The arms race between European powers.
The following is not a result of World War I:
(A) The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.
(B) The formation of the League of Nations.
(C) The rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany.
(D) The spread of Communism in Europe.
The following is not a reason for World War II:
(A) The rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany.
(B) The invasion of Poland by Germany.
(C) The signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union.
(D) The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan.
The following is not a result of World War II:
(A) The defeat of Nazi Germany and Japan.
(B) The formation of the United Nations.
(C) The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.
(D) The Holocaust.
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(A) The ideological differences between the United States and the Soviet Union.
(B) The military buildup of the United States and the Soviet Union.
(C) The formation of alliances between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies.
(D) The space race between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The following is not a result of the Cold War:
(A) The collapse of the Soviet Union.
(B) The reunification of Germany.
(C) The spread of Democracy around the world.
(D) The end of the nuclear arms race.
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(A) The rise of Islamic fundamentalism.
(B) The American invasion of Afghanistan.
(C) The American invasion of Iraq.
(D) The American support of Israel.
The following is not a result of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: