Languages and Literature of Chhattisgarh

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  • Languages and Literature of Chhattisgarh

    • Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarhi Language

     

    Origin and History

     

    In the Indian state of Chhattisgarh, Chhattisgarhi is the Official Language and it contains approximately 17.5 million speakers. Moreover it is an eastern Hindi language with very heavy vocabulary and linguistic features from Dravadian and Munda languages. Furthermore this language is known by the name of Khaltahi which is surrounding hill people and also by the name of Laria which includes Sambalpuri and Oriya speakers. In addition in ancient times the Chhattisgarh region was known as Daksin Kosal and therefore this classical name of the Chhattisgarhi language is Kosali or Daksin Kosali with historical significance.

    Languages and Literature of Chhattisgarh

    Additionally the speakers are spread all over ranging from Indian state of Chhattisgarh to adjacent areas of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Orissa. Also the Chhattisgarhi political and cultural movements with the origins since 1920’s affirmed Chhattisgarhi linguistic and cultural identity and sought greater autonomy within India. In 2000, 16 districts of the state of Madhya Pradesh became the new state of Chhattisgarh. From 93 languages total which are used, 70 are variants that belong to Chhattisgarhi alone. Chhattisgarhi can also be termed as a variety of Hindi language. It contains 70 dialects which are widely spread all over the three linguistic groups of Austro Asiatic languages.

     

    Approximately 12 million people speak Chhattisgarhi language. This Chhattisgarhi language is spoken and written with different accents and pronunciations in many different parts of the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Apart from Chhattisgarhi language many people nearby state of Madhya Pradesh also speaks English and Hindi as well. In addition Chhattisgarhi has rich cultural and literature history. Numerous eminent personalities from the field of literature have written and composed several forms of literary production in order to enrich the Chhattisgarhi language. This language is also considered as the global language as most educated Population of Chhattisgarh speaks fluent English and Hindi as well in front of the audience even. Moreover this language enables the citizens of the state to commute with confidence and ease.

     

    Dialects of Chhattisgarhi Language

     

    The most widely use dialects are Kalanga, Sadri korwa, Bhulia, khairagarhi, baigani, kavardi and Surgujia. Many dialects are also dying away like Kurukh, Parji and Gondi which are facing near extinction among the languages of Chhattisgarh. Also European dialects are in use in the central part of the Chhattisgarh. The southern part of the state falls on the Deccan plateau and this has influence on the Dravidian dialects which are infused with the Indo European dialects.

     

    Classification

     

    The Awadhi and Bagheli languages are closely related to Chhattisgarhi language. Moreover these languages are classified into the East Central Zone of the Indo Aryan languages which is the Indian branch of the Indo European language family. Furthermore as per the Indian government, Chhattisgarhi is an eastern dialect of Hindi and is therefore classified as a separate language in the Ethnologue. This language has also numerous identified dialects of its own, in addition to Chhattisgarhi Proper which are Kalanga, Kavardi, Bhulia, Sadri Korwa and Baighani.

     

    Writing

     

    Like Hindi language, Chhattisgarhi language is also written using Devanagri script.

     

    Literature

    Apart from its cultural diversity, Chhattisgarh also boasts of its rich literary heritage that speaks of historical and social movements of this region. Literature of Chhattisgarh is known for its unique description of social issues and regional consciousness. It also reflects struggle of the state for establishing its own distinct identity in the Central India. Khub Chand Baghel has also mentioned social problems of the lower castes of the region in his plays, ‘Jarnail Singh’ and ‘Unch Neech’. Chhattisgarh has also gifted many talented writers to the nation and Abhishek Agarwal is the youngest one who belongs to Bhilai and is one of the much famous authors of Chhattisgarh.

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    Chhattisgarh is a state in central India. It is home to a diverse range of languages, including Chhattisgarhi, Hindi, Gondi, Halbi, and Sadri.

    Chhattisgarhi is the most widely spoken language in the state, with over 15 million speakers. It is a member of the Indo-Aryan language family and is closely related to Hindi. Chhattisgarhi is spoken in the central and eastern parts of the state.

    Hindi is the second most widely spoken language in Chhattisgarh, with over 10 million speakers. It is the official language of India and is spoken throughout the country. Hindi is spoken in the northern and western parts of Chhattisgarh.

    Gondi is a Dravidian language spoken by over 2 million people in Chhattisgarh. It is the official language of the Gondi people, who are the largest tribal group in India. Gondi is spoken in the southern and eastern parts of the state.

    Halbi is a mixed language spoken by over 1 million people in Chhattisgarh. It is a mixture of Hindi, Gondi, and Telugu. Halbi is spoken in the central and eastern parts of the state.

    Sadri is a Hindi dialect spoken by over 1 million people in Chhattisgarh. It is spoken in the northern and western parts of the state.

    Chhattisgarhi literature is a rich and diverse tradition that dates back centuries. The earliest known Chhattisgarhi literature is from the 12th century. Chhattisgarhi literature is written in both the Devanagari and Chhattisgarhi scripts.

    Chhattisgarhi poetry is a major genre of Chhattisgarhi literature. Some of the most famous Chhattisgarhi poets include Dukhilal Nayak, Vishnu Deo Verma, and Balkrishna Sama.

    Chhattisgarhi folk literature is a vibrant and living tradition. Chhattisgarhi folk literature includes songs, stories, and proverbs. Chhattisgarhi folk literature is passed down orally from generation to generation.

    Chhattisgarhi drama is a relatively new genre of Chhattisgarhi literature. The first Chhattisgarhi play was written in the early 20th century. Chhattisgarhi drama is often based on folktales and legends.

    Chhattisgarhi cinema is a growing Industry. The first Chhattisgarhi film was made in the early 2000s. Chhattisgarhi cinema often deals with social issues and the lives of ordinary people.

    The languages and literature of Chhattisgarh are a rich and diverse tapestry that reflects the state’s unique history and culture.

    Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about languages and literature:

    1. What are the most spoken languages in the world?

    The most spoken languages in the world are Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, English, Hindi, Arabic, Bengali, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, and German.

    1. What are the oldest languages in the world?

    Some of the oldest languages in the world are Sumerian, Akkadian, Egyptian, Hittite, and Elamite. These languages were spoken in the Middle East and North Africa in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC.

    1. What are the most difficult languages to learn?

    Some of the most difficult languages to learn are Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Arabic, and Finnish. These languages are difficult to learn because they have a different writing system, grammar, and pronunciation than English.

    1. What are the most beautiful languages in the world?

    This is a matter of opinion, but some of the most beautiful languages in the world are Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Russian, and German. These languages are considered beautiful because they have a lyrical Sound and a rich history.

    1. What are the most popular languages in literature?

    Some of the most popular languages in literature are English, French, German, Spanish, and Italian. These languages are popular because they have a rich literary tradition and a large number of speakers.

    1. What are the most famous works of literature?

    Some of the most famous works of literature are The Odyssey, The Iliad, The Bible, The Divine Comedy, Hamlet, Don Quixote, The Catcher in the Rye, and One Hundred Years of Solitude. These works are famous because they are considered to be masterpieces of literature.

    1. What are the most influential writers in history?

    Some of the most influential writers in history are Homer, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Goethe, Balzac, Tolstoy, and Joyce. These writers are considered to be influential because their works have had a profound impact on the development of literature.

    1. What are the most important literary movements?

    Some of the most important literary movements are Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, and Postmodernism. These movements have had a profound impact on the development of literature.

    1. What are the most important literary genres?

    Some of the most important literary genres are poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. These genres have been used to create some of the most famous works of literature.

    1. What are the most important literary Awards?

    Some of the most important literary awards are the Nobel Prize in Literature, the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, the Man Booker Prize, and the National Book Award. These awards are given to recognize the best works of literature.

    1. Which of the following is not a language spoken in Chhattisgarh?
      (A) Hindi
      (B) Chhattisgarhi
      (C) Bengali
      (D) Odia

    2. The capital of Chhattisgarh is:
      (A) Raipur
      (B) Bilaspur
      (C) Durg
      (D) Jagdalpur

    3. The largest city in Chhattisgarh is:
      (A) Raipur
      (B) Bilaspur
      (C) Durg
      (D) Jagdalpur

    4. Chhattisgarh is a state in:
      (A) North India
      (B) Central India
      (C) South India
      (D) East India

    5. The population of Chhattisgarh is:
      (A) 25 million
      (B) 30 million
      (C) 35 million
      (D) 40 million

    6. The Literacy rate in Chhattisgarh is:
      (A) 60%
      (B) 70%
      (C) 80%
      (D) 90%

    7. The main religion in Chhattisgarh is:
      (A) Hinduism-2/”>Hinduism
      (B) Islam
      (C) Christianity
      (D) Sikhism

    8. The main crops grown in Chhattisgarh are:
      (A) Rice
      (B) Wheat
      (C) Sugarcane
      (D) Cotton

    9. The main industries in Chhattisgarh are:
      (A) Mining
      (B) Steel
      (C) Cement
      (D) Power

    10. The main tourist attractions in Chhattisgarh are:
      (A) The Kanger Valley National Park
      (B) The Indravati National Park
      (C) The Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary
      (D) All of the above