JPSC Prelims Notes for Geography of World and India

<<–2/”>a >h5 style=”text-align: center;”>Physical Geography (General Principles) :

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(i) Origin and evolution ol earth, interior of earth, Wegner’s Continental Drift Theory; Plate tectonics.Volcanoes-2/”>Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis

(ii)Major Types of Rocks and their characteristics, evolution and characteristics of landformsin the Fluvial, Glacial, Arid and Karst regions

(iii) Geomorphic processes; Weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition,Soil formation,Landscape cycles, ideas of Davis and Penck

(iv)Atmosphere/”>Composition, Structure and Stratification of the atmosphere

(v) Insolation,heat budget of the earth.

(vi) Horizontal and vertical Distribution of Temperature, inversion of temperature.

(vii) Air masses and fronts. Tropical and temperate Cyclones-2/”>Cyclones.

(viii) Evaporation-and-condensation-dew-frost-fog-mist-and-cloud-rainfall-types/”>Evaporation and Condensation: dew, frost, fog, mist and cloud, rainfall types.

(ix)Classification of climates, (Koppen and Thornthwaite), Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming and climatic changes

(x) Hydrological Cycle, distribution of temperature and solicits in the Oceans and seas, waves,tides and currents, ocean floor relief features,

Table of Contents

Physical and Human Geography of India ;

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(xi) Structure, relief and physio-graphic divisions.Drainage Systems :Himalayan and the Peninsular.

(xii)Indian monsoon, mechanism, onset and retreat, climatic types (Koppen and Trcwartha).Green Revolution and its impact on Major Crops of India. Food scarcity

(xiii) Natural Vegetation-Forest types and distribution, wild life, conservation, Biosphere-reserves/”>Biosphere reserves.

(xiv)Major types of Soils.(ICAR classification) and their distribution. Soil degradation and conservation

(xv) Natural Hazards : Floods, Droughts, Cyclones, Landslides,

(xvi) Population Growth, distribution and density
.
(xvii)Age: Sex, ratio, rural-urban composition;

(xviii)Environment-and-development/”>Population, environment and development

(xix)Types of Settlements : rural and urban. Urban morphology; functional classification of urban settlements Problems of human settlement in India.

Natural Resources of India;

Development and Utilization Land Resources i General land use, agricultural land use,
(xx) Geographical condition and distribution of major crops, like,Rice, Wheat,Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Rubber, Tea and Coffee,

(xxi) Water Resources : Availability and utilization for industrial and other purposes, Irrigation, scarcity of water, methods of conscrvatlon-Rain Water Harvesting and Watershed Management, ground water management.
(xxH)Minerals and Energy Resources : Distribution and utility of [a] metaiic minerals (ion Ore, copper, bauxite, magnese), (b) non- metallic and conventional minerals [coal,petroleum and natural gas), (c) hydro electricity and non conventional sources of energy (Solar, Wind, bio-gas),(d) energy sources Their distribution and conservation.

(xxiii) Development Of Industries : Types of Industries;factors of industrial location, distribution and changing pattern of selected industries [iron and steel, cotton textile, sugar and petro- chemicals); Weber’s theory of industrial locatlon-lts relevance in the modern world.

(xxiv) Transport, Communication and International Trade : Roads, railways and water ways. Bases of International trade, changing pattern of India’s ‘ Foreign Trade.,

The Geography of the World

The world is a vast and complex place, with a wide variety of physical and human geography. The physical geography of the world includes the Landforms, Climate, vegetation, soil, water resources, and minerals. The human geography of the world includes the population, human settlements, economic activity, political systems, and culture.

The physical geography of the world is shaped by the Earth’s tectonic plates, which are constantly moving. The movement of the tectonic plates causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges. The Earth’s climate is also affected by the movement of the tectonic plates. The Earth’s atmosphere is held in place by the Earth’s gravity. The atmosphere protects the Earth from the sun’s harmful rays and helps to regulate the Earth’s temperature.

The Earth’s vegetation is also affected by the climate. The Earth’s vegetation zones include the tropical rainforest, the temperate forest, the boreal forest, the Tundra, and the desert. The Earth’s soil is also affected by the climate. The Earth’s Soil Types include the sandy soil, the loamy soil, and the clay soil.

The Earth’s water resources include the oceans, the lakes, the rivers, and the groundwater. The Earth’s minerals include the coal, the oil, the natural gas, and the metals.

The human geography of the world is shaped by the Earth’s physical geography. The Earth’s population is concentrated in the areas with the most favorable climate and soil. The Earth’s human settlements are located in the areas with the most favorable climate, soil, and water resources. The Earth’s economic activity is concentrated in the areas with the most favorable climate, soil, water resources, and minerals. The Earth’s political systems are also affected by the Earth’s physical geography. The Earth’s culture is also affected by the Earth’s physical geography.

The Geography of India

India is a country in South Asia. It is the second most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion people. India is a federal republic with 28 states and 7 union territories. The capital of India is New Delhi.

The physical geography of India is diverse. The northern part of India is dominated by the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. The southern part of India is a plateau. The Ganges River is the longest river in India.

The Climate of India varies from tropical in the south to temperate in the north. The monsoon season is from June to September.

The vegetation of India is also diverse. The forests of India are home to a variety of animals, including tigers, elephants, and rhinoceroses.

The soil of India is fertile and supports a variety of crops, including rice, wheat, and cotton.

The Water Resources of India include the Ganges River, the Brahmaputra River, and the Indus River.

The minerals of India include coal, iron ore, and bauxite.

The population of India is over 1.3 billion people. The population of India is growing rapidly.

The human geography of India is diverse. The people of India speak a variety of languages and practice a variety of religions.

The economic geography of India is diverse. India is a major producer of agricultural products, textiles, and Software.

The political geography of India is a federal republic. The president of India is the head of state. The prime minister of India is the head of government.

The cultural geography of India is diverse. The people of India have a rich culture that includes a variety of art, music, and dance.

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about the geography of the world and India:

What is the world’s largest country by area?
Russia is the world’s largest country by area, covering 17,098,246 square kilometers (6,612,100 sq mi).
What is the world’s most populous country?
China is the world’s most populous country, with a population of over 1.4 billion people.
What is the world’s highest mountain?
Mount Everest is the world’s highest mountain, with a peak at 8,848.86 meters (29,031.7 ft).
What is the world’s longest river?
The Nile River is the world’s longest river, flowing for 6,695 kilometers (4,160 mi) from Lake Victoria in Uganda to the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt.
What is the world’s largest ocean?
The Pacific Ocean is the world’s largest ocean, covering 165,250,000 square kilometers (63,800,000 sq mi).
What is the world’s smallest continent?
Australia is the world’s smallest continent, covering 8,600,000 square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi).
What is the world’s most populous city?
Shanghai is the world’s most populous city, with a population of over 27 million people.
What is the world’s capital city with the highest population?
Tokyo is the world’s capital city with the highest population, with a population of over 13 million people.
What is the world’s most spoken language?
Mandarin Chinese is the world’s most spoken language, with over 1.1 billion speakers.
What is the world’s most visited country?
France is the world’s most visited country, with over 89 million visitors in 2019.
What is the world’s most expensive city?
Zurich is the world’s most expensive city, with a cost of living index of 222.2.
What is the world’s most polluted city?
Dhaka is the world’s most polluted city, with an air quality index of 155.
What is the world’s most biodiverse country?
Brazil is the world’s most biodiverse country, with over 15,000 species of Plants and over 5,500 species of animals.
What is the world’s most water-stressed country?
Lebanon is the world’s most water-stressed country, with an annual water availability of just 100 cubic meters per capita.
What is the world’s most unequal country?
South Africa is the world’s most unequal country, with a Gini coefficient of 63.0.
What is the world’s most democratic country?
Norway is the world’s most democratic country, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Democracy Index.
What is the world’s most corrupt country?
Somalia is the world’s most corrupt country, according to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index.
What is the world’s happiest country?
Finland is the world’s happiest country, according to the World Happiness Report.
What is the world’s most peaceful country?
Iceland is the world’s most peaceful country, according to the Global Peace Index.
What is the world’s most developed country?
Norway is the world’s most developed country, according to the Human Development index.
What is the world’s most livable city?
Melbourne is the world’s most livable city, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Global Liveability Index.
What is the world’s most visited tourist destination?
The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s most visited tourist destination, with over 2 million visitors in 2019.
What is the world’s most popular sport?
Football (soccer) is the world’s most popular sport, with over 3.5 billion fans.
What is the world’s most popular religion?
Christianity is the world’s most popular religion, with over 2.4 billion followers.
What is the world’s most spoken language family?
Indo-European is the world’s most spoken language family, with over 2.5 billion speakers.
What is the world’s most common currency?
The US dollar is the world’s most common currency, with over 1.8 trillion

The largest country in the world by area is:
(A) Russia
(B) Canada
(C) China
(D) United States
The longest river in the world is:
(A) Nile
(B) Amazon
(C) Yangtze
(D) Mississippi
The highest mountain in the world is:
(A) Mount Everest
(B) K2
(C) Kangchenjunga
(D) Dhaulagiri
The largest ocean in the world is:
(A) Pacific Ocean
(B) Atlantic Ocean
(C) Indian Ocean
(D) Arctic Ocean
The most populous country in the world is:
(A) China
(B) India
(C) United States
(D) Indonesia
The most populous continent in the world is:
(A) Asia
(B) Africa
(C) North America
(D) South America
The most spoken language in the world is:
(A) Mandarin Chinese
(B) Spanish
(C) English
(D) Hindi
The most visited country in the world is:
(A) France
(B) China
(C) United States
(D) Spain
The most expensive city in the world is:
(A) Singapore
(B) Hong Kong
(C) Zurich
(D) Geneva
The most polluted city in the world is:
(A) Delhi
(B) Dhaka
(C) Beijing
(D) Cairo
The most developed country in the world is:
(A) Norway
(B) Switzerland
(C) Denmark
(D) Sweden
The least developed country in the world is:
(A) Somalia
(B) South Sudan
(C) Central African Republic
(D) Niger
The most democratic country in the world is:
(A) Norway
(B) Iceland
(C) Sweden
(D) Denmark
The least democratic country in the world is:
(A) North Korea
(B) Eritrea
(C) Turkmenistan
(D) Uzbekistan
The most religious country in the world is:
(A) Iran
(B) Pakistan
(C) Afghanistan
(D) Iraq
The least religious country in the world is:
(A) Sweden
(B) Denmark
(C) Norway
(D) Finland
The most peaceful country in the world is:
(A) Iceland
(B) Denmark
(C) Norway
(D) Sweden
The least peaceful country in the world is:
(A) South Sudan
(B) Somalia
(C) Central African Republic
(D) Afghanistan
The most corrupt country in the world is:
(A) Somalia
(B) South Sudan
(C) Sudan
(D) Afghanistan
The least corrupt country in the world is:
(A) Denmark
(B) Finland
(C) New Zealand
(D) Singapore