Jammu and Kashmir: Human Development index
The importance of strengthening the human development (HD) achievements in a country to augment its Growth potential is well known in development literature. Several initiatives to enhance the HD level have been introduced in India in recent past.
For arriving at the composite HDI, the sub-components are first arrived at. It is observed from the State-wise Consumption Index (X1) figures that Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh and Maharashtra are among the topper States in terms of urban consumption in 2011-12, while Manipur, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland are placed at the bottom. On the rural front, Goa, Kerala, and Punjab are at the top, while Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are at the other extreme. The stark difference in terms of consumption pattern within States becomes quite clear from the analysis. For instance in 2011-12, while Maharashtra ranks 5 th in terms of urban consumption, it is ranked 17th in terms of rural consumption scores. Conversely in 2009-10, while Jammu and Kashmir ranks 5 th in terms of rural consumption; it holds the 15th position in terms of urban consumption scores. Also, a transformation in the relative position of the States during the study period is noted. For instance, while Kerala’s ranking has consistently improved over 1983-2012, the same for Haryana has deteriorated.
On the Education front (X2), Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland are among the toppers in the terms of achievements in urban areas, while Jammu and Kashmir, UP, Bihar and Rajasthan are at the other end of the spectrum. On the rural front, Kerala, Tripura and Himachal Pradesh remain at the top, while Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh are at the other extreme. The rural-urban disparity for a number of States turns out to be major concern. For example, in 2011-12, Arunachal Pradesh is ranked 5 th in terms of urban educational achievements, but holds the 26 th position in rural scale.
Sharp intra-state divergence in terms of Health Index (X3) is also noted. For instance in 2011- 12, while Jharkhand ranks 24 th in terms of urban health achievements, it is ranked 13th in terms of rural health scores. On the whole, in 2011-12, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, and Punjab are among the toppers, while Uttarakhand, UP, Orissa and Bihar are located at the bottom in the urban scale. On the rural front, Kerala, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and Haryana are at the top, while Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh are at the other extreme.
Jammu –kashmir’s rank and comparision to other states
Jammu Kashmir is ranked 7th among major 17 states with a score of 0.64, Kerala being 1st (0.71) and Bihar (0.53) last. JK has retained its 7th rank in 2015 index compared to 2007-2008 HDI data. With this score JK would be classified as medium HDI economy. However there is a lot of room to improve on all the sub-indices of the state. JK ranks 12th on the income sub-index while on joint health and education sub-index it lags only to Kerala. From these inter-state variations an important inference can be drawn that is the relation between per-capita income and other social indicators is not necessarily one-to-one. Hence again the growth versus development debate is as engaging as it ever has been.
The national Average HDI for India in 2008 was 0.467. By 2010, its average HDI had risen to 0.519.UNDP, the sponsor of Human Development Index methodology since 1990, reported India’s HDI to be 0.554 for 2012, an 18% increase over its 2008 HDI. United Nations Declared India’s HDI is 0.586 in 2014, an 5.77% increase over 2012. As for the year 2016, HDI for India stood at 0.624. There are many ways to calculate HDI, and its calculation is sensitive to base data and assumptions. Using another approach, UNDP India and Government of India calculated the HDI nationwide average to be 0.605 in 2006. This data was published by the Indian Government.Note that the 2007-2008 HDI values in the table below is not based on income as is the UNDP standard practice for global comparisons, but on estimated consumption expenditure – an assumption which underestimates the HDI than actual. Further, data was unavailable for the following states and union territories: Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
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Jammu and Kashmir is a state in India that is located in the northwestern part of the country. The state has a Population of over 12 million people and is divided into two regions: Jammu and Kashmir. The capital of Jammu and Kashmir is Srinagar.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. The HDI was developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and is published annually.
In 2020, Jammu and Kashmir ranked 138th out of 189 countries in the HDI. This means that Jammu and Kashmir has a medium human development index. The HDI value for Jammu and Kashmir is 0.634, which is slightly higher than the average HDI value for South Asia (0.625).
The life expectancy at birth in Jammu and Kashmir is 72.1 years. This is higher than the average life expectancy in South Asia (67.7 years). The mean years of schooling in Jammu and Kashmir are 6.2 years. This is lower than the average mean years of schooling in South Asia (7.2 years). The expected years of schooling in Jammu and Kashmir are 11.4 years. This is higher than the average expected years of schooling in South Asia (10.4 years).
The gross NATIONAL INCOME per capita in Jammu and Kashmir is $2,530. This is lower than the average gross national income per capita in South Asia ($3,220). The gender inequality index in Jammu and Kashmir is 0.469. This means that there is a significant gender gap in Jammu and Kashmir.
The human development index value for Jammu and Kashmir is 0.634. This means that Jammu and Kashmir has a medium human development index. The HDI value for Jammu and Kashmir is slightly higher than the average HDI value for South Asia (0.625). However, there are still significant challenges to human development in Jammu and Kashmir, such as POVERTY, illiteracy, and gender inequality.
The government of Jammu and Kashmir has taken some steps to improve human development in the state. For example, the government has launched a number of programs to improve education and healthcare. However, more needs to be done to address the challenges of poverty and inequality in Jammu and Kashmir.
The following are some of the challenges to human development in Jammu and Kashmir:
- Poverty: According to the World Bank, over 20% of the population in Jammu and Kashmir lives below the Poverty Line. This means that they are unable to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.
- Illiteracy: The Literacy rate in Jammu and Kashmir is 67%. This means that over one-third of the population is illiterate. Illiteracy can hinder people’s ability to get a job and improve their standard of living.
- Gender inequality: The gender inequality index in Jammu and Kashmir is 0.469. This means that there is a significant gender gap in Jammu and Kashmir. Women in Jammu and Kashmir have less access to education, healthcare, and EMPLOYMENT than men.
- Conflict: Jammu and Kashmir has been a disputed territory for many years. The conflict has led to violence, displacement, and economic hardship. The conflict has also hindered the development of human Resources in Jammu and Kashmir.
Despite these challenges, there are some positive developments in human development in Jammu and Kashmir. For example, the literacy rate has increased in recent years. The government has also made progress in improving healthcare and education. However, more needs to be done to address the challenges of poverty, illiteracy, and gender inequality in Jammu and Kashmir.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country’s HDI value is a summary measure of its achievements in key areas of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, and having a decent standard of living.
What are the components of the HDI?
The HDI is calculated as a geometric mean of three indices: life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling for children under 15, and gross national income per capita.
What is the best HDI score?
The highest possible HDI value is 1. The highest HDI score in the world is 0.955, which is held by Norway. The lowest HDI score in the world is 0.354, which is held by Niger.
What are the limitations of the HDI?
The HDI has been criticized for a number of reasons, including the fact that it does not take into account inequality, environmental sustainability, and other important factors.
What are some alternative measures of human development?
Some alternative measures of human development include the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), the Gender Development Index (GDI), and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
What is the future of the HDI?
The HDI is a valuable tool for measuring human development, but it is important to be aware of its limitations. The HDI is likely to continue to be used as a measure of human development in the future, but it is likely to be supplemented by other measures that take into account other factors, such as inequality and environmental sustainability.
Which of the following is not a component of the Human Development Index (HDI)?
(A) Life expectancy at birth
(B) Mean years of schooling
(C) Gross national income per capita
(D) Literacy rateThe HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. Which of the following is the correct order of the tiers, from highest to lowest?
(A) Very high human development, high human development, medium human development, low human development
(B) High human development, very high human development, medium human development, low human development
(C) Medium human development, high human development, very high human development, low human development
(D) Low human development, medium human development, high human development, very high human developmentAccording to the 2020 Human Development Report, which country has the highest HDI?
(A) Norway
(B) Switzerland
(C) Ireland
(D) IcelandAccording to the 2020 Human Development Report, which country has the lowest HDI?
(A) Niger
(B) Central African Republic
(C) Chad
(D) South SudanThe HDI has been criticized for being too focused on Economic Development and for not taking into account other important factors such as Equality/”>Gender Equality and environmental sustainability. Do you agree or disagree with these criticisms?
(A) Agree
(B) DisagreeWhat are some of the ways in which the HDI can be used to improve human development?
(A) The HDI can be used to track progress over time and to identify areas where there is need for improvement.
(B) The HDI can be used to compare countries and to identify best practices.
(C) The HDI can be used to advocate for policies that will improve human development.What are some of the limitations of the HDI?
(A) The HDI is a composite statistic, which means that it does not capture all of the dimensions of human development.
(B) The HDI is based on data that is not always accurate or reliable.
(C) The HDI is not sensitive to changes in the distribution of income or wealth.What are some of the ways in which the HDI can be improved?
(A) The HDI could be expanded to include more dimensions of human development.
(B) The HDI could be based on more accurate and reliable data.
(C) The HDI could be made more sensitive to changes in the distribution of income or wealth.What are some of the challenges to achieving human development?
(A) Poverty
(B) Inequality
(C) Conflict
(D) Environmental DegradationWhat are some of the ways in which human development can be promoted?
(A) Investing in education and health
(C) Promoting gender equality
(D) Reducing poverty and inequality
(E) Protecting the Environment