Indian Trade Pattern and Issues

INTRODUCTION

Among several features of Globalization/”>Globalization-3/”>Globalization, one relates to increasing interactions among nations and removal of barriers to facilitate movement of goods, capital, labour and technology. It is a process that renders various activities and aspiration worldwide in scope or application. As a part of this process of increasing integration of the world, many countries have adopted Economic Reforms and Liberalization-2/”>Liberalization in their own ways.

The rapid integration of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa into the world market was an important element of globalization. Trade is the primary manifestation of this increasing integration and changing organizational structure of the global economy which has been much more extensive than in the past involving more countries & regions. In the similar way, it is also much more intensive as Foreign Trade became a key component of most countries economic activities. Over the years emerging economies like China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Russia and South Africa have made their presence felt in the global market and have come forth as new key drivers of global Growth.

Among other emerging countries, China and India are the fastest growing economies. India with its distinct development strategy has the potential to influence economic activities of the global economy in the years to come. With this background, this study is an exploratory attempt to measure the quantum leap in export and import to India, and to identify changes in commodity composition and regional patterns of inflows and outflows of merchandise trade. The analysis pertains to four points of time 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Some of the major findings of the study are as follows: (i) Manufacturing sector has increased its share vis-̂-vis other tradable sectors; (ii) Specialization of production and diversification of consumption; (iii) Indian trade is gradually moving away from low value-added product

TRADE Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EXPORT SCHEME (TIES)

Objectives

To enhance export competitiveness by bridging gaps in export infrastructure, creating focused export infrastructure, first mile and last mile connectivity for export-oriented projects and addressing quality and certification measures.

Salient features

It would provide financial assistance for setting up and upgradation of existing infrastructure with export linkages like border haats, cold chains, dry Ports etc.
The Central and State Agencies, including Export Promotion Councils, Commodities Boards, SEZ Authorities and Apex Trade Bodies recognised under the EXIM policy of Government of India; are eligible for financial support under this scheme.
The Central Government funding will be in the form of grant-in-aid, normally not more than the Equity being put in by the implementing agency or 50% of the total equity in the project. (In case of projects located in North Eastern States and Himalayan States including J&K, this grant can be upto 80% of the total equity).

MERCHANDISE EXPORTS FROM INDIA SCHEME

It is an export promotion scheme launched under the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2015-20.
It has replaced 5 different schemes of earlier FTP (Focus Product Scheme, Market Linked Focus Product Scheme, Focus Market Scheme, Agri. Infrastructure Incentive Scrip, Vishesh Krishi and Gram Udyog Yojana) for rewarding merchandise exports which had varying conditions (sector specific or actual user only) attached to their use.
Now there would be no conditionality attached to the scrips issued under the scheme.

Service Exports from India Scheme (SEIS)

It was launched under the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP), 2015-20 replacing the earlier scheme ‘Served from India Scheme’.
SEIS shall apply to `Service Providers’ located in India’ instead of `Indian Service Providers’. Thus, SEIS provides for rewards to all Service providers of notified Services, who are providing services from India, regardless of the constitution or profile of the service provider.

TRENDS

In the age of globalisation, India is new entrant to expand international trend. In 1991, the government initiated some changes in its strategy on trade, foreign Investment, Tariffs and Taxes under the name of “New Economic Reforms”. Indian government mainly concentrated on reforms on Liberalization, openness and export sponsorship activity. It is witnessed that foreign Trade of India has considerably revolutionized export in the Post reforms period. Trade Volume increased and the composition of exports has undergone several noteworthy changes. In Post – reform Period, the major provider to export’s growth has been the manufacturing sector.
Though India has steadily opened up its wealth, its tariffs are high as compared with other countries, and its conjecture norms are still restricted. Foreign trade in India in legal term is the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992. The Act provide with the development and regulation of foreign trade by assisting imports into, and supplementing exports from India.
To fulfil the requirements of the Act, the government may make necessities for assisting and controlling foreign trade, may forbid, confine and regulate exports and imports, in all or particular cases as well as subject them to exclusion. Government is endorsed to devise and declare an export and import policy and also amend the same from time to time, by notification in the Official Gazette, and is also authoritative to appoint a ‘Director General of Foreign Trade’ for the purpose of the Act, including formulation and accomplishment of the export-import policy.
The 15X15 MatrixStrategies was introduced in 1995 and major aim of this policy was to recognize market diversification and commodity diversification. When reviewed the success of this, it represented that the share of the total top 15 product groups exported to the top 15 market destinations declined from 71% in 1996-97 to 66% in 2000-01 in respect of the total export of these 15 product groups for all destinations taken together. It clearly showed the market diversification for these product groups.
The major items of India’s exports controlled in the Matrix continue to remain the same during 2000 – 01 such as Gems and Jewellery, RMG Cotton including accessories and Cotton Yarn, Fabrics and Made Ups. The top three destinations changed from US, UK and Japan to US, Hong Kong and UAE. Another strategy was Focus LAC which was introduced in 1997 in order to enhance exports of chosen products such as Textiles including RMG, Engineering goods and Chemical products to Latin American Region. The highest growth rate of exports to this region was accomplished during period of 2000-01 when the value of exports was high of US$ 982 million.
Though the current trade between LAC and India is still low, there is possibility to increase two-way trade between India and the LAC region. It is observed from the export strategies of previous time is that the composition, competitiveness and complexion of world products trade are changing rapidly and there is a need to review the market constantly for any medium term export strategy to achieve a higher share of global exports on a sustainable basis. The main concentration of previous foreign trade strategies was on the existing export products of India.
Nonetheless, presently, the government has made policy on trade and investment policy that has established an obvious change from protecting ‘producers’ to benefiting ‘consumers’. It is reflected in its foreign trade strategy of India for 2004/09 which indicated that “for India to become a major player in world trade we have also to make possible those imports which are required to stimulate our economy”. With numerous economic alterations, globalisation of the Indian economy has been the foremost factor to formulate the trade policies.
The announcement of a new Foreign Trade Policy of India for a five year period of 2004-09, substituting until now taxonomy of EXIM Policy by Foreign Trade Policy is major step in the development of foreign trade policy. This policy made the overall development of India’s foreign trade and offers guidelines for the development of this sector. Main purpose of the Exim Policy is to hasten the economy from low level of economic activities to high level of economic activities by making it a globally oriented energetic economy and to derive maximum benefits from expanding global market opportunities, to encourage continued economic growth by providing access to essential raw materials, intermediates, components, consumables and Capital Goods required for augmenting production, to boost the techno local strength and efficiency of Indian agriculture, Industry and services, thereby, improving their competitiveness, to generate new EMPLOYMENT and opportunities and encourage the attainment of internationally accepted standards of quality.
Finally, this policy provides quality consumer products at reasonable prices. A vibrant export-led growth strategy of doubling India’s share in global commodities trade with an attention on the sectors having prospects for export development and potential for employment generation, represent the main factor of the policy. These activities augment India’s international competitiveness and assist in increasing the suitability of Indian exports. The trade policy recognizes major strategies, outlines export incentives, and also focus on issues relating to institutional support including SIMPLIFICATION of procedures relating to export activities.
India is now violently pushing for a more moderate global trade management, especially in services. It has understood a Leadership role among developing nations in global trade debates, and played a decisive part in the Doha negotiations. With economic reforms, globalisation of the Indian economy has been the major factor in devising the foreign trade policy of India.

Challenges

The objective of the Foreign Trade Policy is to twofold India Percentage share of global merchandise trade and to act as an effectual instrument of economic growth by giving a thrust to employment generation, especially in semi-urban and rural areas. The growth performance of exports has been a result of watchful effort of the Government to lessen transaction costs and assist trade. The guidelines of the Foreign Trade Policy (2004-09) for a five year period clearly articulate objectives, strategies and policy initiatives that has been involved in putting exports on a higher growth line.
There are numerous challenges and issues in foreign trade. These include burden of export promotion schemes, danger of circular trading, and risk of importing outdated machinery. Sometimes policy fails to take a holistic view of trade issues. Other issue is relative importance of the home market, the nature or the degree of State intervention and recessionary conditions in the global market. India’s exports have suffered due to structural constraints operating both on the demand and supply side.
On the demand side exports have continued to undergone the problems of adverse world trading Environment, protectionist sentiments in the developed countries in the guise of technical standards, environmental and social concerns and tariff differentials in imports by the developed countries. At the supply end, the factors that have constrained exports from India include infrastructure constraints, high transaction costs, inflexibilities in labour laws, quality problems, constraints in attracting FDI in the export sector, etc

Conclusion

It is summarized that foreign trade has significant function in the fiscal development of any nation. India has made strong foreign trade policies and reformed these from time to time with the process of globalisation and liberalization. Since 1991, India’s foreign trade considerably transformed. India’s major exports include manufacturing and engineering goods. India has good trading relations with all developed countries in the world. More than fifty percent of India’s total export trade is with Asia and ASEAN region and about sixty percent of India’s total imports is with the same countries. India’s wealth previously was agricultural economy.

India’s major requirement use to be food grains and other goods in import with fast industrialization, the composition of India’s imports goods changed and needed chemicals, Fertilizers and machinery which were required to meet the developmental requirements of country. In the composition of export; country sells agricultural products such as tea, spices, and other raw materials. However, with the industrialization of the financial system, compositions of exports changed. Currently, India exports products such as machinery chemicals and marine products. This may enhance the fiscal condition of India.

India is a major player in the global economy, with a rapidly growing economy and a large Population. India’s TRADE PATTERN is characterized by a high degree of specialization in labor-intensive goods and services. India’s major trade partners are the United States, China, and the European Union. India’s trade balance has been in deficit for many years, but the deficit has been narrowing in recent years. India’s trade policy is aimed at promoting exports and attracting foreign investment. India has signed a number of free trade agreements with other countries, including the United States, China, and the European Union. India’s trade barriers are relatively low, but there are some restrictions on imports of certain goods and services. India’s trade challenges include the need to improve its infrastructure, reduce its Trade Deficit, and increase its exports. India’s trade opportunities include the growing demand for its goods and services in the global market, the potential for increased trade with other emerging markets, and the possibility of signing more free trade agreements. India’s trade prospects are positive, with the economy expected to continue to grow and the demand for its goods and services expected to increase.

India’s trade pattern is characterized by a high degree of specialization in labor-intensive goods and services. India is a major exporter of textiles, clothing, and other manufactured goods. India is also a major exporter of services, such as information technology and business process Outsourcing. India’s trade partners are the United States, China, and the European Union. The United States is India’s largest trading partner, followed by China and the European Union. India’s trade balance has been in deficit for many years, but the deficit has been narrowing in recent years. The trade deficit is due to India’s high imports of capital goods and Intermediate Goods. India’s trade policy is aimed at promoting exports and attracting foreign investment. India has signed a number of free trade agreements with other countries, including the United States, China, and the European Union. India’s trade barriers are relatively low, but there are some restrictions on imports of certain goods and services. India’s trade challenges include the need to improve its infrastructure, reduce its trade deficit, and increase its exports. India’s infrastructure is not as developed as that of some other countries, which makes it difficult for businesses to operate in India. India’s trade deficit is a major concern, as it means that India is importing more goods and services than it is exporting. India needs to increase its exports in order to reduce its trade deficit. India’s trade opportunities include the growing demand for its goods and services in the global market, the potential for increased trade with other emerging markets, and the possibility of signing more free trade agreements. The global economy is growing, which means that there is a growing demand for goods and services from all over the world. India is well-positioned to take advantage of this growth, as it has a large and growing population and a skilled workforce. India is also a member of the BRICS group of emerging economies, which means that it has the potential to increase trade with other emerging markets. India is also in the process of negotiating free trade agreements with a number of other countries, which would further boost its trade prospects.

Overall, India’s trade prospects are positive. The economy is expected to continue to grow, and the demand for its goods and services is expected to increase. India is also well-positioned to take advantage of the growing global economy and the potential for increased trade with other emerging markets.

What is the Indian trade pattern?

The Indian trade pattern is characterized by a high degree of export concentration in a few commodities, such as petroleum products, gems and jewelry, and engineering goods. India also imports a large number of manufactured goods, such as machinery and equipment, chemicals, and electronics.

What are the issues with the Indian trade pattern?

The Indian trade pattern is facing a number of challenges, including:

High import dependence: India is a net importer of many essential commodities, such as oil, coal, and iron Ore. This makes the country vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices.
Low export diversification: India’s exports are concentrated in a few commodities, which makes the country vulnerable to changes in global demand.
High trade deficit: India has a large trade deficit, which means that it imports more goods and services than it exports. This puts a strain on the country’s Foreign Exchange reserves.

What are the government’s efforts to address the issues with the Indian trade pattern?

The government has taken a number of steps to address the issues with the Indian trade pattern, including:

Promoting export diversification: The government has launched a number of initiatives to promote export diversification, such as the Merchandise Export from India Scheme (MEIS) and the Focus Product Scheme (FPS).
Reducing import dependence: The government has taken steps to reduce import dependence, such as imposing import duties on certain commodities and promoting domestic production.
Increasing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): The government has taken steps to increase FDI, such as simplifying the FDI approval process and offering tax incentives to foreign investors.

What are the prospects for the Indian trade pattern in the future?

The Indian trade pattern is expected to continue to grow in the future, driven by the country’s strong economic growth. However, the country will need to address the challenges of high import dependence, low export diversification, and a high trade deficit in order to sustain its trade growth.

Question 1

India’s major trading partners are:

(A) China, the United States, and the United Kingdom
(B) Japan, the United States, and Germany
(C) China, the United States, and Germany
(D) Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom

Answer

(C)

India’s major trading partners are China, the United States, and Germany. In 2020, India’s top five trading partners were China, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, and Saudi Arabia.

Question 2

India’s major exports are:

(A) Gems and jewelry, petroleum products, and drugs and pharmaceuticals
(B) Textiles, machinery, and iron and steel
(C) Gems and jewelry, machinery, and petroleum products
(D) Textiles, drugs and pharmaceuticals, and iron and steel

Answer

(A)

India’s major exports are gems and jewelry, petroleum products, and drugs and pharmaceuticals. In 2020, India’s top five exports were gems and jewelry, petroleum products, drugs and pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, and iron and steel.

Question 3

India’s major imports are:

(A) Crude oil, gold, and electronic goods
(B) Crude oil, coal, and electronic goods
(C) Crude oil, gold, and pearls
(D) Crude oil, coal, and pearls

Answer

(A)

India’s major imports are crude oil, gold, and electronic goods. In 2020, India’s top five imports were crude oil, gold, electronic goods, pearls, and iron and steel.

Question 4

India’s trade deficit is the difference between:

(A) The value of its exports and the value of its imports
(B) The value of its imports and the value of its exports
(C) The value of its foreign aid and the value of its foreign debt
(D) The value of its foreign debt and the value of its foreign reserves

Answer

(A)

India’s trade deficit is the difference between the value of its exports and the value of its imports. In 2020, India’s trade deficit was $119.6 billion.

Question 5

India’s trade surplus is the difference between:

Answer

(B)

India’s trade surplus is the difference between the value of its imports and the value of its exports. In 2020, India’s trade surplus was $1.8 billion.

Question 6

India’s foreign exchange reserves are the:

(A) Total value of all foreign currencies held by the Indian government
(B) Total value of all gold held by the Indian government
(C) Total value of all foreign currencies and gold held by the Indian government
(D) Total value of all foreign currencies, gold, and foreign debt held by the Indian government

Answer

(C)

India’s foreign exchange reserves are the total value of all foreign currencies and gold held by the Indian government. As of February 2023, India’s foreign exchange reserves were $632.5 billion.

Question 7

India’s foreign debt is the total amount of Money that India owes to foreign lenders. As of February 2023, India’s foreign debt was $593.1 billion.

Question 8

India’s Current Account balance is the difference between:

Answer

(A)

India’s current account balance is the difference between the value of its exports and the value of its imports. In 2020, India’s Current Account Deficit was $102.2 billion.

Question 9

India’s Capital Account balance is the difference between:

(A) The value