Immunity and Vaccination for Ras/RTS Mains Exam

<–2/”>a >Immunity is disease resistance and is of following two types:-

Natural or Innate Immunity:- It is present from birth and is inherited from birth by the offspring from the mother.In this form of immunity the response from the organism against the pathogen is immediate in the form of non-specific immune response without the need of recognizing the pathogens.
Acquired or Adaptive Immunity:- It is non- Inherited and is acquired as an enhanced response to a disease during the lifetime of an organism. It takes time to develop and can be more effective in the next encounter with the said Pathogen.The Process of adaptive immunity is the basis of vaccination.

Vaccination or immunization:-

Vaccination or immunization is based on the property of the memory of the immune system. In vaccination an inactivated on weaknd pathogen is introduced into the body. Vaccine helps in generating the primary immune response whereby immunological memory is established in the body. Vaccine generate memory cell that quickly identifies the pathogen on subsequent exposure and produces a robust secondary immunity response quickly including mass production of antibodies during the actual infection of pathogen.
Immune memory formation of antibodies occur on 1st exposure to a specific antigen and secondary response occur after the second exposure to the same antigen. It began very quickly.

Active immunity :-it is immunity which is developed by the person own body either in the form of antibodies or memory cells in response to exposure to living or dead Microorganisms. While when preformed antibodies are directly inducted into the body to obtain temporary immunity is called passive immunity.

For example:-The yellow fluid colostrol secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies to protect the infant.

Examples of antimicrobial resistance

Increase number of cases of the hospital acquired infection
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis

It was launched in India in collaboration with World Health Organisation to directly observed treatment short course for the complete Services monitoring diagnosis and provision of the second line anti TB drugs under the supervision of dedicated health circles

Types of Vaccines:-

Conventional Vaccines- These vaccines use live attenuated(Ex SABIN) or killed Pathogen(IPV) in Vaccine

Recombination Vaccines:-They use Antigen,Dna or Part of genetic material of pathogen as vaccine like hepatitis B vaccine.

imunity

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Immunity is the body’s ability to protect itself from harmful substances and germs, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against infection. It is non-specific, meaning that it does not target a particular type of germ. Innate immunity includes physical barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemical barriers, such as stomach acid. It also includes white blood cells that can engulf and destroy germs.

Adaptive immunity is the body’s second line of defense against infection. It is specific, meaning that it targets a particular type of germ. Adaptive immunity is developed after exposure to a germ, and it can provide long-term protection against that germ. Adaptive immunity includes B cells and T cells, which produce antibodies and other immune cells that attack and destroy germs.

Antibodies are proteins that are produced by B cells in response to an infection. They bind to specific antigens on the surface of germs, which helps to destroy them. Antibodies can also help to neutralize toxins produced by germs.

Vaccines are preparations that contain weakened or inactivated forms of germs, or parts of germs. They are given to people to help protect them from getting sick. Vaccines work by stimulating the body’s immune system to produce antibodies against the germs in the vaccine. This way, if the person is ever exposed to the real germ, their immune system will be able to fight it off quickly and effectively.

The vaccination schedule is a list of vaccines that are recommended for children and adults. The schedule is based on the age at which children are most likely to be exposed to certain germs, and the need for lifelong protection against certain diseases.

Immunodeficiency disorders are diseases that affect the body’s ability to fight infection. There are many different types of immunodeficiency disorders, and they can be caused by a variety of factors, such as genetic defects, infections, or cancer. Immunodeficiency disorders can make people more susceptible to infections, and they can also make infections more severe.

Autoimmune disorders are diseases in which the body’s immune system attacks its own Tissues. There are many different types of autoimmune disorders, and they can affect any part of the body. Autoimmune disorders can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the part of the body that is affected.

Allergic disorders are diseases that occur when the body’s immune system overreacts to a foreign substance, such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Allergic disorders can cause a variety of symptoms, including sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and hives.

Transplantation immunology is the study of how the immune system reacts to transplanted organs and tissues. Transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ or tissue is taken from one person (the donor) and placed in another person (the recipient). The immune system of the recipient may reject the transplanted organ or tissue, which can lead to serious health problems or death.

Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that uses the body’s own immune system to fight disease. Immunotherapy is used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer, allergies, and autoimmune disorders.

Immunity is a complex system that plays a vital role in protecting the body from infection. There are many different types of immunity, and they work together to keep the body healthy. Vaccines are an important part of maintaining immunity, and they help to protect people from a variety of diseases.

Immunity

What is immunity?
Immunity is the body’s ability to fight off infection. It is a complex system that involves many different organs and cells.
What are the different types of immunity?
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s natural defenses against infection. It includes things like the skin, the mucus membranes, and white blood cells. Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to learn to recognize and fight specific infections. It is developed after exposure to an infection or vaccination.
What are the benefits of immunity?
Immunity protects the body from infection and disease. It also helps the body to recover from infection more quickly.
What are the risks of immunity?
There are some risks associated with immunity, such as allergic reactions to vaccines. However, the benefits of immunity far outweigh the risks.

Vaccination

What is vaccination?
Vaccination is the process of giving a person a vaccine to protect them from a disease. Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of a disease-causing organism. When a person is vaccinated, their body learns to recognize and fight the disease. This can help to prevent the person from getting sick if they are exposed to the disease in the future.
What are the benefits of vaccination?
Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent disease. Vaccines have helped to eradicate diseases like smallpox and polio. They have also helped to reduce the incidence of diseases like measles, mumps, and rubella.
What are the risks of vaccination?
There are some risks associated with vaccination, such as allergic reactions. However, the benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks.
What are the different types of vaccines?
There are many different types of vaccines. Some vaccines are given as a single shot, while others are given in a series of shots. Some vaccines are given to children, while others are given to adults.
How are vaccines administered?
Vaccines are usually administered by a doctor or nurse. They can be given by injection, by mouth, or by nasal spray.
What are the side effects of vaccination?
The most common side effects of vaccination are mild and go away on their own within a few days. These side effects can include pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site. Some people may also experience fever, headache, and muscle aches.
What should I do if I have a reaction to a vaccine?
If you have a reaction to a vaccine, you should see a doctor right away. The doctor will be able to assess your reaction and provide treatment if necessary.
What are the alternatives to vaccination?
There are no alternatives to vaccination that are as effective at preventing disease. However, there are some people who cannot be vaccinated due to medical conditions. These people may need to take other precautions to protect themselves from disease, such as avoiding contact with people who are sick.

Which of the following is not a type of immunity?
(A) Natural immunity
(B) Acquired immunity
(C) Active immunity
(D) Passive immunity
Which of the following is the best example of natural immunity?
(A) Antibodies produced in response to a vaccination
(B) Antibodies produced in response to an infection
(C) Antibodies passed from mother to child through the placenta
(D) Antibodies passed from mother to child through breast milk
Which of the following is the best example of acquired immunity?
(A) Antibodies produced in response to a vaccination
(B) Antibodies produced in response to an infection
(C) Antibodies passed from mother to child through the placenta
(D) Antibodies passed from mother to child through breast milk
Which of the following is the best example of active immunity?
(A) Antibodies produced in response to a vaccination
(B) Antibodies produced in response to an infection
(C) Antibodies passed from mother to child through the placenta
(D) Antibodies passed from mother to child through breast milk
Which of the following is the best example of passive immunity?
(A) Antibodies produced in response to a vaccination
(B) Antibodies produced in response to an infection
(C) Antibodies passed from mother to child through the placenta
(D) Antibodies passed from mother to child through breast milk
Which of the following is the best example of a vaccine?
(A) A live virus that has been weakened so that it cannot cause disease
(B) A dead virus
(C) A protein that is produced by a virus
(D) A piece of DNA that codes for a virus protein
Which of the following is the best example of an antibody?
(A) A protein that is produced by the body in response to a virus
(B) A protein that is produced by the body in response to a bacteria
(C) A protein that is produced by the body in response to a parasite
(D) A protein that is produced by the body in response to a fungus
Which of the following is the best example of an antigen?
(A) A protein that is found on the surface of a virus
(B) A protein that is found on the surface of a bacteria
(C) A protein that is found on the surface of a parasite
(D) A protein that is found on the surface of a fungus
Which of the following is the best example of an immune response?
(A) The production of antibodies by the body
(B) The destruction of viruses by the body
(C) The destruction of bacteria by the body
(D) The destruction of parasites by the body
Which of the following is the best example of an immune system?
(A) The system of cells and proteins that protects the body from infection
(B) The system of cells and proteins that protects the body from disease
(C) The system of cells and proteins that protects the body from injury
(D) The system of cells and proteins that protects the body from cancer