Immunity and Vaccination for JPSC Prelims and JPSC Mains Examination

<–2/”>a >Immunity is disease resistance and is of following two types:-

Natural or Innate Immunity:- It is present from birth and is inherited from birth by the offspring from the mother.In this form of immunity the response from the organism against the pathogen is immediate in the form of non-specific immune response without the need of recognizing the pathogens.
Acquired or Adaptive Immunity:- It is non- Inherited and is acquired as an enhanced response to a disease during the lifetime of an organism. It takes time to develop and can be more effective in the next encounter with the said Pathogen.The Process of adaptive immunity is the basis of vaccination.

Vaccination or immunization:-

Vaccination or immunization is based on the property of the memory of the immune system. In vaccination an inactivated on weaknd pathogen is introduced into the body. Vaccine helps in generating the primary immune response whereby immunological memory is established in the body. Vaccine generate memory cell that quickly identifies the pathogen on subsequent exposure and produces a robust secondary immunity response quickly including mass production of antibodies during the actual infection of pathogen.
Immune memory formation of antibodies occur on 1st exposure to a specific antigen and secondary response occur after the second exposure to the same antigen. It began very quickly.

Active immunity :-it is immunity which is developed by the person own body either in the form of antibodies or memory cells in response to exposure to living or dead Microorganisms. While when preformed antibodies are directly inducted into the body to obtain temporary immunity is called passive immunity.

For example:-The yellow fluid colostrol secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies to protect the infant.

Examples of antimicrobial resistance

Increase number of cases of the hospital acquired infection
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis

It was launched in India in collaboration with World Health Organisation to directly observed treatment short course for the complete Services monitoring diagnosis and provision of the second line anti TB drugs under the supervision of dedicated health circles

Types of Vaccines:-

Conventional Vaccines- These vaccines use live attenuated(Ex SABIN) or killed Pathogen(IPV) in Vaccine

Recombination Vaccines:-They use Antigen,Dna or Part of genetic material of pathogen as vaccine like hepatitis B vaccine.

imunity

Introduction to Immunity

Immunity is the body’s ability to protect itself from harmful substances and organisms. It is a complex system that involves many different organs, cells, and proteins.

There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against infection. It is non-specific, meaning that it does not target any particular type of pathogen. Adaptive immunity is the body’s second line of defense against infection. It is specific, meaning that it targets a particular type of pathogen.

Types of Immunity

Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against infection. It is non-specific, meaning that it does not target any particular type of pathogen. Innate immunity includes physical barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemical barriers, such as stomach acid. It also includes cells, such as white blood cells, that can engulf and destroy pathogens.

Adaptive immunity is the body’s second line of defense against infection. It is specific, meaning that it targets a particular type of pathogen. Adaptive immunity is developed after the body has been exposed to a pathogen. This exposure can be through infection or through vaccination. Once the body has developed adaptive immunity to a particular pathogen, it will be able to fight off that pathogen more easily in the future.

Innate Immunity

The skin is the body’s largest organ and it is the first line of defense against infection. The skin is made up of several layers of cells that are constantly being shed. This helps to prevent pathogens from entering the body. The skin also produces a substance called sebum, which helps to keep the skin clean and free of bacteria.

The mucous membranes are moist surfaces that line the body’s openings, such as the mouth, nose, and eyes. The mucous membranes produce mucus, which traps pathogens and helps to prevent them from entering the body. The mucous membranes also contain cells that produce antibodies, which help to fight off infection.

Stomach acid is a very acidic substance that helps to kill pathogens that are swallowed. The stomach acid also helps to break down food, which makes it easier for the body to absorb nutrients.

White blood cells are a type of cell that helps to fight off infection. There are many different types of white blood cells, each with a different function. Some white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens, while others produce antibodies.

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity is mediated by two types of cells: B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that bind to specific pathogens. T cells help to destroy infected cells and regulate the immune response.

Humoral Immunity

Humoral immunity is the part of the adaptive immune system that is mediated by antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that are produced by B cells in response to an infection. Antibodies bind to specific antigens, which are Molecules that are found on the surface of pathogens. This binding helps to neutralize the pathogen and prevent it from causing infection.

Cell-mediated Immunity

Cell-mediated immunity is the part of the adaptive immune system that is mediated by T cells. T cells help to destroy infected cells and regulate the immune response. T cells can be divided into two types: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells help to activate other immune cells, while cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells.

Antigens and Antibodies

Antigens are molecules that are found on the surface of pathogens. They are recognized by the immune system and trigger an immune response. Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the immune system in response to an infection. They bind to specific antigens and help to neutralize the pathogen.

Vaccines and Vaccination

Vaccines are a type of biological preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune system to protect against a particular disease. Vaccines contain a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen that causes the disease. When the vaccine is injected into the body, the immune system responds by producing antibodies against the pathogen.

Immunity

What is immunity?
Immunity is the body’s ability to protect itself from disease.
What are the different types of immunity?
There are two types of immunity: innate immunity and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s natural defenses against infection, while acquired immunity is the body’s ability to develop specific defenses against a particular infection.
What are the different types of acquired immunity?
There are two types of acquired immunity: active immunity and passive immunity. Active immunity is the body’s own response to an infection, while passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies from another person or animal.
What are the different ways to acquire immunity?
Immunity can be acquired through natural infection, vaccination, or blood transfusion.
What are the benefits of immunity?
Immunity protects the body from disease.
What are the risks of immunity?
The risks of immunity depend on the type of immunity. For example, natural infection can sometimes lead to serious complications, while vaccination is generally safe.

Vaccination

What is vaccination?
Vaccination is the process of exposing the body to a weakened or inactivated form of a disease-causing organism in order to stimulate the body’s immune system to produce antibodies against that organism.
What are the benefits of vaccination?
Vaccination can prevent disease, protect the health of individuals and communities, and reduce the cost of healthcare.
What are the risks of vaccination?
The risks of vaccination are generally very low. However, some people may experience mild side effects, such as soreness at the injection site. More serious side effects are rare.
What are the different types of vaccines?
There are many different types of vaccines, each designed to protect against a specific disease. Some common types of vaccines include:
- Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
- Polio vaccine
- DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus)
- Chickenpox vaccine
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- Influenza vaccine
- Pneumococcal vaccine
- Rotavirus vaccine
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine
What are the schedules for vaccination?
The schedules for vaccination vary depending on the country and the vaccine. In general, children are vaccinated against a number of diseases at a young age. Adults may also need to be vaccinated against certain diseases, such as tetanus and influenza.
Where can I get vaccinated?
Vaccinations are available at many different locations, including doctors’ offices, clinics, and hospitals. Some vaccines are also available at schools and workplaces.
How much does vaccination cost?
The cost of vaccination varies depending on the vaccine and the location where it is administered. Some vaccines are covered by insurance, while others may be required to be paid for out of pocket.
What should I do if I have questions about vaccination?
If you have any questions about vaccination, you should talk to your doctor.

Immunity and Vaccination

Immunity is the body’s ability to protect itself from disease. There are two types of immunity: innate immunity and acquired immunity.
Innate immunity is the body’s natural defenses against disease. It includes barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cells and chemicals that attack and destroy harmful organisms.
Acquired immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and fight specific diseases. It is developed after exposure to a disease or vaccination.
Vaccination is the process of giving a person a weakened or inactivated form of a disease-causing organism in order to protect them from getting the disease.

MCQs

Which of the following is not a type of immunity?
(A) Innate immunity
(B) Acquired immunity
(C) Natural immunity
(D) Artificial immunity
Which of the following is the body’s natural defenses against disease?
(A) Innate immunity
(B) Acquired immunity
(C) Natural immunity
(D) Artificial immunity
Which of the following is the body’s ability to recognize and fight specific diseases?
(A) Innate immunity
(B) Acquired immunity
(C) Natural immunity
(D) Artificial immunity
Which of the following is the process of giving a person a weakened or inactivated form of a disease-causing organism in order to protect them from getting the disease?
(A) Innate immunity
(B) Acquired immunity
(C) Natural immunity
(D) Vaccination
Which of the following is the most common type of vaccine?
(A) Live attenuated vaccine
(B) Inactivated vaccine
(C) Toxoid vaccine
(D) Recombinant vaccine
Which of the following vaccines is given to prevent measles, mumps, and rubella?
(A) MMR vaccine
(B) DTaP vaccine
(C) Hib vaccine
(D) Polio vaccine
Which of the following vaccines is given to prevent tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis?
(A) MMR vaccine
(B) DTaP vaccine
(C) Hib vaccine
(D) Polio vaccine
Which of the following vaccines is given to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b?
(A) MMR vaccine
(B) DTaP vaccine
(C) Hib vaccine
(D) Polio vaccine
Which of the following vaccines is given to prevent polio?
(A) MMR vaccine
(B) DTaP vaccine
(C) Hib vaccine
(D) Polio vaccine
Which of the following vaccines is given to prevent chickenpox?
(A) MMR vaccine
(B) Varicella vaccine
(C) Hib vaccine
(D) Polio vaccine

Answers