Immunity and Vaccination

<–2/”>a >Immunity is disease resistance and is of following two types:-

Natural or Innate Immunity:- It is present from birth and is inherited from birth by the offspring from the mother.In this form of immunity the response from the organism against the pathogen is immediate in the form of non-specific immune response without the need of recognizing the pathogens.
Acquired or Adaptive Immunity:- It is non- Inherited and is acquired as an enhanced response to a disease during the lifetime of an organism. It takes time to develop and can be more effective in the next encounter with the said Pathogen.The Process of adaptive immunity is the basis of vaccination.

Vaccination or immunization:-

Vaccination or immunization is based on the property of the memory of the immune system. In vaccination an inactivated on weaknd pathogen is introduced into the body. Vaccine helps in generating the primary immune response whereby immunological memory is established in the body. Vaccine generate memory cell that quickly identifies the pathogen on subsequent exposure and produces a robust secondary immunity response quickly including mass production of antibodies during the actual infection of pathogen.
Immune memory formation of antibodies occur on 1st exposure to a specific antigen and secondary response occur after the second exposure to the same antigen. It began very quickly.

Active immunity :-it is immunity which is developed by the person own body either in the form of antibodies or memory cells in response to exposure to living or dead Microorganisms. While when preformed antibodies are directly inducted into the body to obtain temporary immunity is called passive immunity.

For example:-The yellow fluid colostrol secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies to protect the infant.

Examples of antimicrobial resistance

Increase number of cases of the hospital acquired infection
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis

It was launched in India in collaboration with World Health Organisation to directly observed treatment short course for the complete Services monitoring diagnosis and provision of the second line anti TB drugs under the supervision of dedicated health circles

Types of Vaccines:-

Conventional Vaccines- These vaccines use live attenuated(Ex SABIN) or killed Pathogen(IPV) in Vaccine

Recombination Vaccines:-They use Antigen,Dna or Part of genetic material of pathogen as vaccine like hepatitis B vaccine.

imunity

Immunity is the body’s ability to protect itself from harmful substances and germs, such as bacteria and viruses. There are two types of immunity: active and passive.

Active immunity is when the body develops its own immunity to a disease by being exposed to the disease-causing agent, either naturally or through vaccination. When a person is exposed to a disease, their immune system produces antibodies that fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in the body, providing lifelong protection against that particular disease.

Passive immunity is when the body receives antibodies from another source, such as from a mother to her baby through the placenta or breast milk, or from a blood transfusion. Passive immunity is temporary, as the antibodies are not produced by the body itself and will eventually be broken down.

Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the immune system in response to an infection. They bind to specific antigens, which are Molecules that are found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances. When an antibody binds to an antigen, it helps to neutralize the antigen or mark it for destruction by other immune cells.

B cells are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies. When a B cell encounters an antigen, it divides and produces a clone of cells that all produce the same antibody. These cells then mature into plasma cells, which produce large amounts of antibodies. The antibodies are released into the bloodstream, where they circulate and bind to any antigens that they encounter.

T cells are another type of white blood cell that play an important role in the immune system. T cells help to destroy cells that have been infected by viruses or bacteria. They also help to regulate the immune system, ensuring that it does not attack healthy cells.

There are two main types of T cells: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells help to activate other immune cells, such as B cells and macrophages. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill cells that have been infected by viruses or bacteria.

A vaccine is a preparation that contains a weakened or inactivated form of a disease-causing agent. When a person is vaccinated, their immune system produces antibodies against the disease-causing agent. This provides the person with immunity to the disease, without having to actually get sick.

Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent disease. Vaccines have helped to eradicate diseases such as smallpox and polio, and they have significantly reduced the incidence of other diseases such as measles, mumps, and rubella.

Vaccination is important for everyone, but it is especially important for people who are at high risk of getting sick, such as young children, pregnant Women, and people with weakened immune systems. Vaccination is also important for people who work in healthcare or who have contact with people who are at high risk of getting sick.

There are many different types of vaccines available, and they are designed to protect against a variety of diseases. Some common vaccines include the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine, and the influenza vaccine.

Vaccines are safe and effective. They have been rigorously tested and monitored, and they have been shown to be very effective at preventing disease. The most common side effects of vaccination are mild and go away on their own within a few days.

Vaccination is a safe and effective way to protect yourself and your loved ones from disease. If you have any questions about vaccination, please talk to your doctor.

What is the difference between a virus and a bacteria?

A virus is a tiny, infectious particle that can replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can live independently.

What is the difference between a vaccine and an immunization?

A vaccine is a preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune system to produce antibodies against a particular disease. An immunization is the process of giving a vaccine to someone.

What are the benefits of getting vaccinated?

Vaccinations can help to protect you from serious diseases, such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and tetanus. They can also help to protect your family and friends from these diseases.

What are the risks of getting vaccinated?

The risks of getting vaccinated are very rare. Most people who get vaccinated do not experience any serious side effects. The most common side effects are mild and go away on their own within a few days.

What should I do if I have a reaction to a vaccine?

If you have a reaction to a vaccine, you should see a doctor right away. The doctor can help you to determine if the reaction is serious and what to do about it.

What are some common myths about vaccines?

Some common myths about vaccines include:

Vaccines cause autism. This is not true. There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that vaccines cause autism.
Vaccines are not safe. This is not true. Vaccines are very safe. The risks of getting vaccinated are very rare.
You don’t need to get vaccinated if you live in a clean Environment. This is not true. You can still get sick from diseases, even if you live in a clean environment. Vaccines are important for everyone, regardless of where they live.

Where can I get more information about vaccines?

You can get more information about vaccines from your doctor, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), or the World Health Organization (WHO).

Sure, here are some multiple choice questions about the immune system:

The immune system is responsible for:
(a) Protecting the body from disease
(b) Regulating the body’s Metabolism
(c) Controlling the body’s Growth and development
(d) All of the above
The immune system is made up of:
(a) White blood cells
(b) Lymph nodes
(c) Antibodies
(d) All of the above
White blood cells are responsible for:
(a) Fighting infection
(b) Producing antibodies
(c) Destroying damaged cells
(d) All of the above
Lymph nodes are responsible for:
(a) Producing white blood cells
(b) Filter the lymph fluid
(c) Store white blood cells
(d) All of the above
Antibodies are proteins that:
(a) Bind to antigens
(b) Neutralize toxins
(c) Destroy infected cells
(d) All of the above
The immune system can be divided into two main types:
(a) Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
(b) Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity
(c) Natural immunity and acquired immunity
(d) All of the above
Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against infection. It is:
(a) Nonspecific
(b) Specific
(c) Both specific and nonspecific
(d) None of the above
Adaptive immunity is the body’s second line of defense against infection. It is:
(a) Nonspecific
(b) Specific
(c) Both specific and nonspecific
(d) None of the above
Humoral immunity is the body’s ability to fight infection with antibodies. It is:
(a) Nonspecific
(b) Specific
(c) Both specific and nonspecific
(d) None of the above
Cell-mediated immunity is the body’s ability to fight infection with white blood cells. It is:
(a) Nonspecific
(b) Specific
(c) Both specific and nonspecific
(d) None of the above
Vaccination is a way to protect the body from disease by:
(a) Exposing the body to a weakened or inactivated form of the disease
(b) Stimulating the body to produce antibodies against the disease
(c) Both exposing the body to a weakened or inactivated form of the disease and stimulating the body to produce antibodies against the disease
(d) None of the above
Vaccines are made from:
(a) Live attenuated viruses
(b) Killed viruses
(c) Toxoids
(d) All of the above
Vaccines are effective in preventing:
(a) Infectious diseases
(b) Chronic diseases
(c) Cancer
(d) None of the above
Vaccines are safe and effective. They have been used for centuries to protect people from disease.
(a) True
(b) False
Vaccines are one of the most important public health tools we have. They have saved millions of lives.
(a) True
(b) False