Health Facilities In Rural Areas

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             Healthcare Facilities in Rural Areas

 

  • indigenous systems of medicine; drugs and pharmaceuticals. Public Health being a State subject, the primary responsibility to provide improved access to healthcare Services is that of the State Governments. However, under National Health Mission (NHM) financial support is provided to State/UT Governments to strengthen their healthcare systems to provide better and easy access to healthcare services. As per Rural Health Statistics, 2014, there is a shortfall of 36346 Sub Health Centres (SCs), 6700 Primary Health Centres (PHCs), and 2350 Community Health Centres (CHCs) against the specified Population norm.
  • As per Rural Health Statistics Bulletin (RHS) 2014, a total of 2225 (8.89%) Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are functioning without doctor, 9825 (39.26%) PHCs without Lab Technician and 5739 (22.94%) PHCs without a pharmacist in the country.
  • Under the National Health Mission (NHM), financial support is provided to the States /UTs to strengthen their health care system for augmentation of health human Resources, provision of free essential medicines, etc. Some key support areas under NHM are:-
  • ASHAs: ASHA is a female voluntary health worker who acts as the link between the community and the public health facilities. She provides basic information regarding health and health care services and motivates people to access services from public health facilities.
  • Ambulances: Under NHM, support is provided to States/UTs to set-up a patient transport system where people can dial 108 or 102 telephone number for calling an ambulance. Dial 108 system is an Emergency Response System, primarily designed to cater to patients of critical care, trauma and accident victims, etc. 102 services is essentially the basic patient transport system aimed to cater to the pregnant Women and sick children though other categories are also taking benefit and are not excluded.
  • Mobile Medical Units (MMUs): MMUs provide outreach services in rural and remote areas through a team of staff including one doctor, one nurse, one lab attendant, one pharmacist and a helper and driver.
  • Human Resources: Support is provided under National Health Mission to States and UTs for engaging health care staff at public health facilities on contractual basis, for providing incentives to doctors and other staff to work in rural and remote areas, for capacity building of staff, etc.
  • Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE: Support under NHM is provided to States/UTs for establishment of new facilities based on population and time to care norms and for up-gradation of existing facilities by constructing new buildings or by renovation of existing ones.
  • Drugs & Equipment: To supplement the efforts of States/UTs in ensuring availability of drugs at public health facilities, Government of India has been providing free drugs /funds for free drugs to States/UTs under the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) and National Disease Control Programmes for Tuberculosis, Vector Borne Diseases including Malaria, Leprosy and HIV/AIDS etc. Government is also encouraging the States/UTs to provide universal access to free essential medicines in public health facilities by providing funds and incentives under the National Health Mission (NHM). Up to 5% additional funding (over and above the normal allocation of the state) under the NRHM was introduced as an incentive from the year 2012-13 for those States that introduce free medicines scheme.
  • Untied Grants to facilities: Under NHM, support is given to States/UTs to strengthen Sub Centres, PHCs, CHCs and District Hospitals by provision of Untied Funds to undertake need based works for improving infrastructure and enhancing service delivery at these facilities.
  • Support for Reproductive, Maternal, New-born, Child & Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A): RMNCH+A seeks to address the major causes of mortality among women and children as well as the delays in accessing and utilizing health care services. The RMNCH+A strategic approach provides for ‘continuum of care’ to ensure equal focus on various life stages. The support to States/UTs under National Health Mission for RMNCH+A includes Janani Suraksha Yojana (J.S.Y), Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (J.S.S.K), Maternal and Child Health Wings at facilities with higher case load, Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI), Home Based New-born Care (HBNC), establishment of facility- based care for new-born and sick children including New Born Care Corners (NBCCs), New Born Stabilization Units (NBSUs), Special New Born Care Units (SNCUs), Nutritional Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs), Universal Immunization Programme, Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK), Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram and Family Planning Services.
  • Support for control of communicable and non-communicable diseases: Under NHM, support is provided to States/UTs for the control of the communicable diseases including vector borne diseases such as Malaria and Filariasis, Leprosy and Tuberculosis and for disease surveillance. Under the National Non-Communicable Disease Programmes, NHM supports prevention and control of Blindness, mental health issues, cardiovascular diseases and stroke, deafness, Tobacco related illnesses, oral health issues, Fluorosis, Iodine deficiency disorders, etc. In addition support is also provided to States/UTs for health care of elderly and palliative care.

 

Primary Health Care is a vital strategy which is a backbone of Health Service delivery for

our country. India was one of the first few countries to recognize the importance of

Primary Health Care Approach. PHC was conceptualized in 1946, three decades before

the Alma Ata declaration, when Sir Joseph Bhore made recommendations, which laid the

basis for organization of basic health services in India. Over the past decades, several

Committees and Commissions have been appointed by the Government to examine issues

and challenges facing the Health sector. The purpose of these committees formed from

time to time is to review the current situation regarding health status in the country and

suggest further course of action in order to accord the best of healthcare to the people.

The earliest committees included, the Health Survey and Development Committee (Bhore

Committee) and Sokhey Committee. Other main Committees in the Post Independence

period, included Mudaliar Committee, Chadha Committee, Mukherjee Committee,

Jungalwalla Committee, Kartar Singh Committee; Mehta Committee, Bajaj Committee

amongst others. Some of the recent Committees include the Mashelkar Committee and

the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. The committees and

commissions have been headed by eminent public health experts, who have studied the

issues in an in-depth manner and provided overarching recommendations for various

aspects of the health care system in India. The areas covered by them related to

organization, integration and development of health care services / delivery system across

level. health policy and planning, national programmes, public health,human resources.

indigenous systems of medicine; drugs and pharmaceuticals.

 

Rural Health Scheme: Community Health Volunteer Scheme-Village HealthGuides

Acceptance of the recommendations of the Shrivastav Committee report led to the

launching of Rural Health Scheme in 1977, wherein training of community health

workers, reorientation training of multipurpose workers and linking medical colleges to

rural health was initiated. Also to initiate community participation, the Community

Health Volunteer – Village Health Guide (VHG) scheme was launched on 2nd October

1977. According to the VHG Scheme the village community selects a volunteer was to be

a person from the village, mostly women, who was imparted short term training and

small incentive for the work. VHG acts as a link between the community and the

Government Health System. He / She mainly provides health Education and creates

awareness of Maternal and Child Health and Family Welfare Services. He / She has to

keep a track of communicable and treat minor ailments and provide first aid to the

patients.

 

Alma Ata Declaration – Health for all by 2000

The Alma Ata declaration of 1978 launched the concept of Health For All by year 2000.

It was signed by 134 governments (including India) and 67 other agencies. The Alma Ata

Declaration in 1978 gave an insight into the understanding of primary health care. It

viewed health as an integral part of the socioeconomic development of a country. It

provided the most holistic understanding to health and the framework that States needed

to pursue to achieve the goals of development. The Declaration recommended that

primary health care should include at least: education concerning prevailing health

problems and methods of identifying, preventing and controlling them; promotion of food

supply and proper Nutrition, and adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation;

maternal and child health care, including family planning; immunization against major

infectious diseases; prevention and control of locally endemic diseases; appropriate

treatment of common diseases and injuries; promotion of mental health and provision of

essential drugs. It emphasized the need for strong first-level care with strong secondary

 and tertiary-level care linked to it. It called for an integration of preventive, promotive,

curative and rehabilitative health services that had to be made accessible and available to

the people, and this was to be guided by the principles of universality,

comprehensiveness and Equity. In one sense, primary health care reasserted the role and

responsibilities of the State, and recognized that health is influenced by a multitude of

factors and not just the health services.13 At the same time, the Declaration emphasized

on complete and organized community participation, and ultimate self-reliance with

individuals, families and communities assuming more responsibility for their own health,

facilitated by support from groups such as the Local Government, agencies, local leaders,

voluntary groups, youth and women’s groups, consumer groups, other non-governmental

organizations, etc. The Declaration affirmed the need for a balanced distribution of

available resources (WHO 1978). The declaration asserted “PHC is essential health care

based on practical, scientifically Sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made

universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their

full participation at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and

 self determination.”

Several critical efforts outlined Government of India‟s commitment to provide health for

all of its citizens after Alma Ata declarations, which are briefly discussed below.

With a view of evolving a national strategy for securing the objectives of Health For All

and to identify specific programmes for the VI Five Year Plan, The working group on

Health was constituted by the Planning Commission with Shri Kripa Narain, Secretary,

Ministry of Health and Family welfare as its Chairman to review the current health status

keeping in view the physical and qualitative implementations of plan programmes, short

falls and deficiencies and measures for rectifying them. The report of the working Group

on “Health for All by 2000 AD” examined the contextual issues in providing health care.

The report contains a variety of inter-related recommendations, setting out objectives,

strategies and operational goals which are considered feasible in the obtaining conditions.

It is basically set down the parameters of the problem and set out the specific health tasks

and targets to the state in the simplest terms but with full belief, that the goal of Health

For All as spelt out here is an achievable one, given the sustained will and the supporting

efforts to implement the indicated tasks by 2000 AD.

 

First National Health Policy, 1983

The responsibility of the state to provide comprehensive primary health care to its people

as envisioned by the Alma Ata declaration led to the formulation of India‟s First National

health Policy (NHP) in 1983. The major goal of policy was to provide of universal,

comprehensive primary health services. The policy emphasized the role that could be played

 by private and voluntary organizations working in the country to support

government for integration of health services. It stressed the creation of an infrastructure

for primary healthcare; close co-ordination with health-related services and activities like

nutrition, drinking Water supply and sanitation; the active involvement and participation of

voluntary organisations; the provision of essential drugs and Vaccines; qualitative

improvement in health and family planning services; the provision of adequate training; and

medical research aimed at the common health problems of the people.

Meanwhile, A selective approach as an “interim” measure to the long term process of

comprehensive primary health care implementation was introduced in many countries,

including India as resource constraints made it ”not possible” to achieve Alma Ata goals

within the committed time limit. Thus the focus shifted from the development of health

systems and infrastructure for primary health care and ensuring health equity to several

vertical interventions based on technical justifications and cost effectiveness analysis.

UNICEF also suggested its selective approach, GOBI-FFF (Growth monitoring, Oral

dehydration, Breast feeding, Immunization, Female Literacy, Family planning, Food

supplement) for improving child survival. By the turn of the millennium, despite some

gains in health outcomes and vast improvements in the availability of health

infrastructure through a three-tier Network, India had yet to achieve most of the goals

enshrined in its first national health policy.

 

Second National Health Policy, 2002

Nearly twenty years after the first health policy, the Second National Health Policy, 2002

was presented. The NHP 2002 recognized as the noteworthy successes in health since the

implementation of the First NHP 1983. These successes included the eradication of small

pox and guinea worm, the near eradication of polio and the progress towards the

elimination of leprosy and neonatal tetanus. The NHP sets out a new policy framework to

achieve public health goals 23 in the socio-economic circumstances currently prevailing in

the country. The approach aims at increasing access to the decentralized public health

systems by establishing new infrastructure in deficient areas and upgrading the

infrastructure of existing institutions. It sets out an increased sectoral share of allocation

out of total health spending to primary health care.

 

National Rural Health Mission (NRHM, 2005-2012)

Recognizing the importance of Health in the process of economic and social development

and improving the Quality Of Life of our citizens, the Government of India has launched

the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in April 2005 to carry out necessary

architectural correction in the basic health care delivery system. The Mission adopts a

synergistic approach by relating health to determinants of good health viz. segments of

 nutrition, sanitation, hygiene and Safe drinking water. It also aims at mainstreaming

the Indian systems of medicine to facilitate health care. The mission envisages a

primary health care approach for decentralized health planning and implementation at

the village and district level. The mission was made operational from April 2005

throughout the country with special focus on 18 states having weak demographic

indicators and infrastructure. The Plan of Action includes increasing public expenditure

on health, reducing regional imbalance in health infrastructure, pooling resources,

integration of organizational structures, optimization of health manpower,

Decentralization and district management of health programmes, community participation

and ownership of assets, induction of management and financial personnel into district

health system, and operationalizing community health centers into functional hospitals

meeting Indian Public Health Standards in each Block of the Country.

 

The Goal of the Mission is to improve the availability of and access to quality health

care by people, especially for those residing in rural areas, the poor, women and

children.

NRHM is visualized as an architectural correction of the Indian Public health system to

enable it to effectively handle increased allocations and promote policies that strengthen

public health management and service delivery in the country. It envisages appropriate

health personnel to be placed at different levels starting from village level in fully

functioning health centers with adequate linkages amongst different levels. An illustrative

structure model is depicted in below Figure showing health structures functioning at

different levels with a set of key health personnel performing adequate functioning in

coordination with other sectors.

NRHM has as its key components as provision of a female health activist in each village

called ASHA to promote access to improved health care at household level: a Village

Health Plan formulation through a local team headed by the health and sanitation

committee of the Panchayat: strengthening of rural hospitals for effective curative care

and making them measurable and accountable to the community through Indian Public

Health Standards (IPHS); integration of vertical health and family welfare programmes:

strengthening of primary health care through optimal utilization of funds, infrastructure

and available manpower. NRHM works on five key approaches – communitization

emphasizing community involvement, flexible financing for increased monetary

autonomy at different levels, capacity building to empower multiple stakeholders for

efficient health delivery and human resource management to generate more manpower

and equipping health personnel with adequate multiple skills.The key core strategies under NRHM are :

  • Train and enhance capacity of Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) to own, control and manage public health services.
  •  Promote access to improved health care at household level through the village level worker , ASHA
  • Health plan for each village through Village Health Committee of the Panchayat.
  •  Strengthening sub centers through better Human resource development, clearquality standards, better community standards, better community support and an untied fund to enable local planning and action and more multipurpose workers.
  •  Strengthening existing Primary Health Centers through better staffing and human resource development policy, clear quality standards, better community support and an untied fund enable the local management committee to achieve these standards.
  • Provision of 30 – 50 bedded CHC per lakh population for improved curative care to a normative standard. (Indian Public Health Standards defining personnel,equipment and management standards)
  • Preparation and implementation of an inter-sector district plan prepared by district health mission, including drinking water supply, sanitation, hygiene and nutrition.
  •  Integrating vertical health and family welfare programmes at national, state,district and block levels.
  • Technical support to national, state and district health mission for public health management.
  • Strengthening capacities for data collection, assessment and review for evidence base planning, monitoring and supervision.

Supplementary Strategies under Mission

  •  Regulation for private sector including the informal Rural Medical Practitioners(RMPs) to ensure availability of quality service to citizens at reasonable cost.
  •  Promotion of Public Private Parternership for achieving public health goals.
  •  Mainstreaming the Indian System of medicine (AYUSH) revitalizing local health traditions.
  • Reorienting medical education to support rural health issues including regulation of medical care to medical ethics.
  • Effective and viable risk pooling and social health insurance to provide health security to the poor by ensuring accessible, affordable, accountable and good quality hospital care.

 

 Primary health care resources in India

Infrastructure

Health Infrastructure is an important indicator to understand the healthcare delivery

provisions and mechanisms in a country. Health Infrastructure indicators is subdivided

into two categories viz. educational infrastructure and service infrastructure.

Educational infrastructure provides details of medical colleges, students admitted to

M.B.B.S. course, post graduate degree/diploma in medical and dental colleges,

admissions to BDS & MDS courses, AYUSH institutes, Nursing courses and Paramedical courses.

Medical education infrastructures in the country have shown rapid growth during the last

20 years. The country has 314 medical colleges 46 with total admission of 29,263 (in 256

Medical Colleges), 289 Colleges for BDS courses and 140 colleges conduct MDS

courses 21547 and 2,783 respectively 47 during 2010-11. There are 2028 Institutions for

General Nurse Midwives with admission capacity of 8033248 and 608 colleges for

Pharmacy (diploma) with an intake capacity of 36115 49 as on 31st March, 2010.

Service infrastructure in health include details of allopathic hospitals, hospital beds,

Indian System of Medicine & Homeopathy hospitals, Sub centers, PHC, CHC and blood

banks.

There are 12,760 hospitals having 576793 beds in the country. 6795 hospitals are in rural

area with 149690 beds and 3748 hospital are in Urban area with 399195 beds. Rural and

Urban bifurcation is not available in the States of Bihar and Jharkhand.

Medical care facilities under AYUSH by management status i.e. dispensaries & hospitals

are 24,465 & 3,408 respectively as on 1.4.2010.There are 1,47,069 Sub Centers, 23,673 Primary

Health Centers and 4,535 Community Health Centers in India as on March 2010. Total No. of

 licensed Blood Banks in the Country as on January 2011 are 2445.

 

Sub Centres (SCs)

The Sub-Centre is the most peripheral and first contact point between the primary health

care system and the community. Each Sub-Centre is required to be manned by at least

one Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) / Female Health Worker and one Male Health

Worker (for details of staffing pattern, and recommended staffing structure under Indian

Public Health Standards (IPHS) see Annexure I). Under NRHM, there is a provision for

one additional second ANM on contract basis. One Lady Health Visitor (LHV) is

entrusted with the task of supervision of six Sub-Centers. Sub-Centers are assigned tasks

relating to interpersonal Communication in order to bring about behavioral change and

provide services in relation to maternal and child health, family welfare, nutrition,

immunization, diarrhoea control and control of communicable diseases programmes. The

Sub-Centers are provided with basic drugs for minor ailments needed for taking care of

essential health needs of men, women and children.54 The Ministry of Health & Family

Welfare is providing 100% Central assistance to all the Sub-Centers in the country since

April 2002 in the form of salary of ANMs and LHVs, rent at the rate of Rs. 3000/- per

annum and contingency at the rate of Rs. 3200/- per annum, in addition to drugs and

equipment kits. The salary of the Male Worker is borne by the State Governments. Under

the Swap Scheme, the Government of India has taken over an additional 39,554 Sub

Centers from State Governments / Union Territories since April, 2002 in lieu of 5,434

 Rural Family Welfare Centers transferred to the State Governments / Union Territories.

There are 1, 47,069 sub centers functioning in the country as on March 2010.

 

Primary Health Centres (PHCs)

PHC is the first contact point between village community and the Medical Officer. The

PHCs were envisaged to provide an integrated curative and preventive health care to the

rural population with emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care. The

PHCs are established and maintained by the State Governments under the Minimum

Needs Programme (MNP)/ Basic Minimum Services (BMS) Programme. As per

minimum requirement, a PHC is to be manned by a Medical Officer supported by 14

paramedical and other staff.56 Under NRHM, there is a provision for two additional Staff

Nurses at PHCs on contract basis. It acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub Centres. It has 4 – 6

beds for patients. The activities of PHC involve curative, preventive, promotive and

Family Welfare Services. There are 23,673 PHCs functioning as on March 2010 in the

country.

 

Community Health Centres (CHCs)

CHCs are being established and maintained by the State Government under MNP/BMS

programme. As per minimum norms, a CHC is required to be manned by four medical

specialists i.e. Surgeon, Physician, Gynecologist and Pediatrician supported by 21

paramedical and other staff. It has 30 in-door beds with one OT, X-ray, Labour Room

and Laboratory facilities.58 It serves as a referral centre for 4 PHCs and also provides

facilities for obstetric care and specialist consultations. As on March, 2009, there are

4,535 CHCs functioning in the country.

 

First Referral Units (FRUs)

An existing facility (district hospital, sub-divisional hospital, community health centre

etc.) can be declared a fully operational First Referral Unit (FRU) only if it is equipped to

provide round-the-clock services for Emergency Obstetric and New Born Care, in

addition to all emergencies that any hospital is required to provide. It should be noted that

there are three critical determinants of a facility being declared as a FRU: i) Emergency

Obstetric Care including surgical interventions like Caesarean Sections; ii) New-born

Care; and iii) Blood Storage Facility on a 24-hour basis.

 

Current Situation of the Human Resources compared to 2005 (Before NRHM)

The launch of the NRHM in 2005 marked a turning point in human resource for health.

The commitments of the centrally-funded scheme to provide the funds needed to close

the human resource gaps between the posts that were sanctioned by the state governments

and the posts that were required to meet the new standards, dramatically changed the

situation. This led to the appointment of almost 1,06,949 more skilled service providers

in the public health system by March 2010, of which 2,460 were specialists, 8,624 were

doctors, 7,692 were AYUSH doctors, 26,993 were nurses, 46,990 were ANMs and

14,990 were paramedical. This was one of the largest increments to the public health

workers in recent times. Also NRHM funds have also enabled the revitalizing of the

community health worker programme in India and the ASHAs over 7, 00,000 signifies a

massive increase in health workers in the country.

 

When we compare the manpower position of major categories in 2010 with that in 2005,

it is observed that there are significant improvement in terms of the numbers in all the

categories. For instance, the number of ANMs at Sub Centres and PHCs have increased

from 133194 in 2005 to 191457 in 2010 which amounts to an increase of about 43.7%.

Similarly, the Doctors at PHCs have increased from 20308 in 2005 to 25870 in 2010,

which is about 27% increase. Moreover, the specialist doctors at CHCs have increased

from 3550 in 2005 to 6781 in 2010, which implies an appreciable 91% increase in 5 years

of NRHM. By analyzing the state wise picture, it may be observed that the increase

in the ANMs is attributed mainly to significant increase in the states of Andhra Pradesh,

Assam, Goa, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra,

Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajastan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and

West Bengal. Similarly there is a significant increase in the number of doctors at PHCs in

the states namely Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya

Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan.

 

Analysis

  • Rural health care in India faces a crisis unmatched by any other sector of the economy. To mention just one dramatic fact, rural medical practitioners (RMPs), who provide 80% of outpatient care, have no formal qualifications for it. They sometimes lack even a high school diploma.
  • In 2005, the central government launched the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) under which it proposed to increase public expenditure on health as a proportion of the GDP to 3% from 1%. But increased expenditure without appropriate policy reform is unlikely to suffice. Experience to-date inspires little confidence in the ability of the government to turn the expenditures into effective service.
  • Rural India consists of approximately 638,000 villages inhabited by more than 740 million individuals. A network of government-owned and -operated sub-centres, primary health centres (PHCs) and community health centres (CHCs) is designed to deliver primary health care to rural folks.
  • Sub-centre is the first contact point between the community and the primary health care system. It employs one male and one female health worker, with the latter being an auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM). It is responsible for tasks relating to maternal and child health, nutrition, immunisation, diarrhoea control and communicable diseases.
  • Current norms require one sub-centre per 5,000 persons, one PHC per 30,000 people and one CHC per 120,000 people in the plains. Smaller populations qualify for each of these centres in the tribal and hilly areas. Each PHC serves as a referral unit to six sub-centres and each CHC to four PHCs. A PHC has four to six beds and performs curative, preventive and family welfare services.
  • Each CHC has four specialists — one each of physician, surgeon, gynaecologist and paediatrician — supported by 21 paramedical and other staff members. It has 30 indoor beds, one operation theatre, X-ray and labour rooms and laboratory facilities. It provides emergency obstetrics care and specialist consultation.
  • Despite this elaborate network of facilities, only 20% of those seeking outpatient services and 45% of those seeking indoor treatment avail of public services. While the dilapidated state of infrastructure and poor supply of drugs and equipment are partly to blame, the primary culprit is the rampant employee absenteeism. Nation-wide Average absentee rate is 40%.
  • The employees are paid by the state, with the local officials having no authority over them. Not surprisingly, many medical officers visit the PHCs infrequently and run parallel private practice in the nearby town. ANMs are frequently unavailable for childbirths even if the mother is willing to come to the PHC. Though PHCs are supposed to be free, most of them informally charge a fee. Under these circumstances, even many among the poor have concluded in favour of private services.
  • public health services have done poorly even along the income distribution dimension. According to a 2001 study, the poorest 20% of the population captures only 10% of the public health subsidy compared with 30% by the richest 20%. The share in the subsidy rises monotonically as we move from the bottom 20%. The justification for the government provision of health services on income distribution grounds does not find support in the data.
  • To make improvements in the delivery of health services, at least three reforms are urgently required. First, it is time to accept the fact that the government has at best limited capability to deliver health services and that a radical shift in strategy that gives the poor greater opportunity to choose between private and public providers is needed.
  • This can be best accomplished by providing the poor cash transfers for out-patient care and insurance for in-patient care. Once this is done, a competitive price must be charged for services provided at public facilities as well. The government should invest in public facilities only in hard to reach regions where private providers may not emerge.
  • Second, the government must introduce up to one-year long training courses for practitioners engaged in treating routine illnesses. This would be in line with the National Health Policy 2002, which envisages a role for paramedics along the lines of nurse practitioners in the United States.
  • The existing RMPs may be given priority in the provision of such training with the goal being replacement of all RMPs by qualified nurse practitioners.
  • Finally, there is urgent need for accelerating the growth of MBBS graduates to replace unqualified “doctors” who operate in both urban and rural areas. Taking into account the evolution of medical colleges and assuming that doctors remain active for 30 years after receiving their degrees, there are at the most 650,000 doctors in India today.
  • With a population of 1.1 billion, this implies approximately 1,700 people per doctor. In comparison, there are just 400 people per doctor in the United States and 220 in Israel. Whereas private colleges and institutes in engineering, computer applications and business fields have mushroomed in response to the demand, the same has not happened in the medical field.
  • The Indian Medical Council (IMC) zealously controls the entry of new colleges and keeps the existing medical colleges on a short leash. Recently, it threatened to effectively close down as many as six of the eight medical colleges in Bihar because they were in violation of its guidelines on how many senior positions could be left unfilled at any time.
  • Given low salaries, colleges face serious difficulties in filling the positions. The result has been extremely slow expansion of capacity in many states. West Bengal has added just two medical colleges since 1969, Rajasthan three since 1965, Punjab three since 1973, Delhi one since 1971 and Bihar two since 1971.
  • Only Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu have achieved satisfactory progress. This must change. The IMC perhaps needs to relax its norms and the government needs to make salaries competitive to adequately staff the existing colleges and open new ones.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


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Access to healthcare is a major issue in rural areas. Rural residents often have to travel long distances to see a doctor, and many rural hospitals have closed in recent years. This lack of access can lead to poor health outcomes for rural residents.

Community health workers can help to improve access to healthcare in rural areas. Community health workers are laypeople who are trained to provide health education and support to their communities. They can help rural residents to find healthcare providers, navigate the healthcare system, and manage chronic conditions.

Distance Learning can also help to improve access to healthcare in rural areas. Distance learning programs allow rural residents to take healthcare courses online or through video conferencing. This can help rural residents to learn about health topics and to connect with healthcare providers.

Health centers are another important resource for rural residents. Health centers are community-based clinics that provide primary care and preventive services. They are often located in underserved areas, and they offer a sliding scale for fees.

Health insurance is another important factor in access to healthcare. Many rural residents do not have health insurance, and this can prevent them from seeking care. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has made it easier for rural residents to get health insurance, but there are still many rural residents who are uninsured.

Mobile clinics are another way to provide healthcare to rural residents. Mobile clinics are vans or buses that are equipped with medical equipment. They travel to rural communities and provide basic healthcare services, such as immunizations, blood pressure checks, and diabetes screenings.

Primary care is the most important type of healthcare for rural residents. Primary care providers diagnose and treat common illnesses, provide preventive care, and refer patients to specialists when needed. Primary care providers are often in short supply in rural areas, and this can make it difficult for rural residents to get the care they need.

Rural hospitals are another important resource for rural residents. Rural hospitals provide emergency care, inpatient care, and outpatient care. They are often the only source of healthcare in rural communities. However, many rural hospitals have closed in recent years, and this has made it difficult for rural residents to get the care they need.

Telehealth is a way to provide healthcare remotely. Telehealth allows patients to see doctors or other healthcare providers through video conferencing. This can be a helpful way to provide healthcare to rural residents who live far from healthcare providers.

Transportation is another barrier to access to healthcare in rural areas. Rural residents often have to travel long distances to see a doctor, and this can be difficult if they do not have a car or if public transportation is not available.

Volunteerism is another way to improve access to healthcare in rural areas. Volunteers can provide transportation to and from healthcare appointments, help patients to navigate the healthcare system, and provide companionship and support.

Workforce development is another important issue in rural areas. There is a shortage of healthcare providers in rural areas, and this can make it difficult for rural residents to get the care they need. Workforce development programs can help to train more healthcare providers to work in rural areas.

Access to healthcare is a complex issue in rural areas. There are many factors that contribute to the lack of access, and there are many different ways to improve access. By addressing the issues of access to healthcare, we can improve the health of rural residents.

What are the most common health problems in rural areas?

The most common health problems in rural areas are obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. These problems are often due to a lack of access to healthy food and exercise, as well as a lack of health insurance.

What are the challenges of providing healthcare in rural areas?

There are many challenges of providing healthcare in rural areas. One challenge is the lack of access to healthcare providers. Rural areas often have a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. This can make it difficult for people in rural areas to get the care they need.

Another challenge is the cost of healthcare. Healthcare is often more expensive in rural areas than in urban areas. This is because rural hospitals and clinics have higher costs than urban hospitals and clinics.

Finally, there is a lack of public transportation in rural areas. This can make it difficult for people to get to and from healthcare appointments.

What are some solutions to the challenges of providing healthcare in rural areas?

There are a number of solutions to the challenges of providing healthcare in rural areas. One solution is to increase the number of healthcare providers in rural areas. This can be done by offering scholarships and loan forgiveness programs to doctors and nurses who agree to work in rural areas.

Another solution is to reduce the cost of healthcare in rural areas. This can be done by negotiating lower prices with insurance companies and drug companies.

Finally, we can improve public transportation in rural areas. This will make it easier for people to get to and from healthcare appointments.

What are the benefits of living in a rural area?

There are many benefits of living in a rural area. One benefit is the cost of living. The cost of living is often lower in rural areas than in urban areas. This means that people in rural areas can afford to buy a home, send their children to school, and have a higher quality of life.

Another benefit is the sense of community. Rural communities are often close-knit and supportive. This can be a great benefit for people who are looking for a sense of belonging.

Finally, the natural beauty of rural areas is often a major draw. Rural areas offer stunning scenery, fresh air, and plenty of opportunities for outdoor recreation.

What are the challenges of living in a rural area?

There are also some challenges of living in a rural area. One challenge is the lack of amenities. Rural areas often have fewer restaurants, shops, and other amenities than urban areas. This can make it difficult to find the things you need and want.

Another challenge is the lack of job opportunities. Rural areas often have fewer job opportunities than urban areas. This can make it difficult to find a good job and earn a living.

Finally, the distance from major cities can be a challenge for some people. Rural areas are often far from major cities. This can make it difficult to travel to see family and friends, or to take advantage of cultural and entertainment opportunities.

What are some tips for living in a rural area?

If you are considering moving to a rural area, there are a few things you should keep in mind. First, make sure you are prepared for the challenges of rural life. These challenges include the lack of amenities, the lack of job opportunities, and the distance from major cities.

Second, make sure you research the rural area you are considering moving to. This will help you find a place that is a good fit for you and your family.

Finally, make sure you build a support network in your new community. This will help you feel connected and supported in your new home.

  1. Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to the poor health of people in rural areas?
    (A) Lack of access to quality healthcare
    (B) Lack of education about Health and Nutrition
    (C) Poor sanitation and hygiene
    (D) Lack of access to clean water

  2. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in rural areas?
    (A) Heart disease
    (B) Cancer
    (C) Stroke
    (D) Infectious disease

  3. Which of the following is the most effective way to improve the health of people in rural areas?
    (A) Build more hospitals and clinics in rural areas
    (B) Train more doctors and nurses to work in rural areas
    (C) Provide more education about health and nutrition in rural areas
    (D) All of the above

  4. Which of the following is the most common type of health problem in rural areas?
    (A) Infectious disease
    (B) Chronic disease
    (C) Mental health problems
    (D) Injury

  5. Which of the following is the most common cause of death for children under 5 in rural areas?
    (A) Pneumonia
    (B) Diarrhea
    (C) Malaria
    (D) HIV/AIDS

  6. Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce the number of deaths from pneumonia in rural areas?
    (A) Vaccinate children against pneumonia
    (B) Provide access to clean water and sanitation
    (C) Treat pneumonia with antibiotics
    (D) All of the above

  7. Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce the number of deaths from diarrhea in rural areas?
    (A) Provide access to clean water and sanitation
    (B) Promote handwashing with soap
    (C) Treat diarrhea with oral rehydration solution
    (D) All of the above

  8. Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce the number of deaths from malaria in rural areas?
    (A) Provide access to insecticide-treated bed nets
    (B) Use insecticide spraying to kill mosquitoes
    (C) Treat malaria with antimalarial drugs
    (D) All of the above

  9. Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce the number of deaths from HIV/AIDS in rural areas?
    (A) Provide access to antiretroviral therapy
    (B) Promote condom use
    (C) Educate people about HIV/AIDS
    (D) All of the above

  10. Which of the following is the most effective way to improve the health of women in rural areas?
    (A) Provide access to family planning services
    (B) Provide access to antenatal and postnatal care
    (C) Provide access to safe abortion services
    (D) All of the above